CARDS FOR AP TEST Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
Federalist No.10
A
- factions are bad but inevitable
- wants 1 large republic
- written by Madison
2
Q
Federalist No.51
A
- The separation of powers is great!
- written by Madison
3
Q
Brutus No.1
A
- wanted 13 individual republics written by an anti-federalist
- 3/4 states approve/ ratify change
- Difficult but NOT impossible (AoC req. unanimous)
4
Q
McCulloch v Maryland
A
- Supremacy clause and neccesary and proper
- established the BUS
- taxing the BUS in Maryland
- not in the constitution
5
Q
united states v Lopez
A
- Lopez brought a gun to school
- QUESTION: is bringing a gun to school unconstitutional?
- possession of a gun in a school zone isn’t unconstitutional
- congressional law (no guns in school)
- 2A and commerce clause
6
Q
republicanism
A
belief that gov’t should be based on the people should be elected to serve the people
7
Q
pluralist theory/ democracy
A
emphasizes groups roles in the policy making process
8
Q
elitist theory/ democracy
A
heavily influenced by $. small minority w/ most economic power
9
Q
constitutional republic
A
representatives elected by the people
10
Q
republic
A
Power resides in elected individuals
11
Q
shay’s rebellion
A
armed uprising led by farmers
12
Q
habeas corpus
A
protects individuals from being unlawfully detained/imprisioned
13
Q
bill of attainder
A
punishing someone without trial in a legislature (unconstitutional)
14
Q
ex post facto law
A
“After the fact” can’t be punished for something before it was against the law
15
Q
virginia plan
A
proposed @ CC that served as the final draftof the U.S constitution
16
Q
new jersey plan
A
designed to address the concerns of the smaller states that feared losing influence
17
Q
great (Connecticut) Compromise
A
helped us have a house and senate
18
Q
compromise on importation
A
congress cant restrict slave trade for 20 years
19
Q
federalism
A
gov’t separation of powers helps keep gov’t organized and citizens protected from tyranny
20
Q
expreseed (enumerated) powers
A
powers that the fed’ government has
21
Q
unitary system
A
centralized single gov’t controls local gov’t
22
Q
confederal system
A
states have more powers than the nat’l gov’t
23
Q
exclusive (delegated) powers
A
powers only the nat’l gov’t has
24
Q
exclusive (reserved) powers
A
powers to the right of the state
25
concurrent powers
powers both tiers have
26
(interstate) commerce clause
congress can regulate commerce between states
27
full faith and credit clause
each state respects/honors the official records of other states (ex. live in ct, go into ri and break a ri law but state you live in ct)
28
extradition
one state/country surrenders a suspected/convicted felon to the country the person is wanted
29
fiscal policy
refers to the gov'ts use of spending and taxation to influence the economy. it plays a crucial role in managing economic growth, inflation and unemployment by adjusting public expenditure and revenue collection
30
monetary policy
the process by which a central bank, such as the Federal Reserve, manages the money supply and interest rates to achieve specific economic goals.
31
Federalist No.70
- describes the executive branch having "energy"
- written by Hamilton
32
federalist No. 78
* importance of an independent judiciary (lifelong term; not elected)
* nominated by potus, confirmed by senate
33
Baker v. Carr
* 14A equal protections
* racially gerrymandered an interstate highway (heavily black pop.)
* ruled: gerrymandering unconstitutional
34
Shaw v.reno
* 14A equal protections
*TNs districts were unevem (outdated)- leaving some districts much more populated
* SCOTUS strikes down TN's lines
35
marbury v.madison
* established judicial review
* allows courts to review actions by the gov't
* article 3
-Courts can interpret laws for their constitutionality
36
What does Art. 1 describe
Outlines congress
37
what does art. 2 describe
outlines the executive branch
38
what does art.3 describe
outlines the judicial branch
39
pork barrel spending
Making deals w/ outher congressmen to "sweeten the deal"
40
logrolling
vote trading " I will vote for this if you vote for me"
41
majority-minority districts
when most of a district is a racial minority
42
malapportionment
bad apportioning
43
Office of management and budget (OMB)
responsible for assisting the president in overseeing the preparation of the budget
44
executive privilege
POTUS doesn't have to disclose info
45
Executive agreement
an agreement between POTUS ad a foreign country only for the length of the term
46
war powers resoltuion
POTUS can send in troops into an armed conflict if only deemed by congress for a multitude of reasons
47
stare decisis
avoid overturning earlier precedent by reaching the same ruling
48
political patronage
giving position in exec. branch based on political support, not merit
49
merit system
getting a job ased on experience
50
bureaucratic discretion
beaurocrats are the experts
51
prior restraint
New York Times v. united states uses this
52
libel
spoken false and trying to ruin their reputation
53
slander
In the act of making false statements about another person that damages their reputation
54
procedural due process
standardized process of determining guilt accused
55
Griswold v. Connecticut
struck down a law prohibiting contraceptives, protects individual liberties
56
de jure/legal segregation
segregation that is based on the law: the gov't passes a law that segregates
57
de facto segregation
segregation that happens naturally, by people's choices, not gov't
58
Civil Rights Act of 1964
outlawed segregation in schools, public places and employment and employers
59
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Hoped to eliminate racial discrimination in voting
60
political culture
set beliefs, values, and norms that shape the political behavior and attitudes
equality of opportunity
61
rule of law
the principle that all individuals and institutions including the government are subject to and accountable under the law
62
political socialization
62
political ideology
conservatives/ liberals/ etc.
63
generational effect
disproportionally effects a genertion (18-30) that come of age together
64
life-cycle effect
The various changes in attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that individuals experience as they progress through different stages of life, become more conservative
65
period effect
affects everyone relatively equally
66
globalization
connected countries enables worldwide trade
67
party ideology
68
command-and-control economy
communism/socialism/.fascism (gov't has complete control over economy)
69
mixed economy
an economic system that combines elements of both capitalism and socialism
70
consumer price index (CPI)
monitors cost of goods --> inflation
71
political action committee (PAC)
- raise and spend money to elect/ defeat political candidates
72
franchise/suffrage
Women's gotten the right to vote/black males got the right to vote
73
demographic characteristic
refers to the stats of a population such as age, race, gender, income level, and education
74
super PACs
organization that can raise and spend unlimited amount of money to influence elections, cant coordinate with candidates
75
straight-ticket voting
voter selects all candidates from a single political party on a ballot rather than the individual
76
split-ticket voting
voting for candidates in different parties
77
party coalition (US definition)
78
realignment
significant change in the party system, views of voters change drastically, and a change in party loyalty, ideology
79
divided government
one party controls the executive branch and the legislative branch. controlled by different parties
80
political culture
The action of political beliefs that gov't is built on
81
equal of opportunity
The principle that individuals should be treated fairly and have equal access to education and employment opportunities
82
outsourcing
hiring foreign workers to make stuff in their economy
83
caucuses
meeting of members of a political party/ faction
84
proportional representation system
when a representative gains a seat in the legislature based on the votes they receive
85
net nutrality
internet providers must treat all data the same without discriminating or charging differently based on content
86
amicus curiae brief
give info but not involved in case (court cases)
87
collective good
you dont have to be a part of a group to get the same benefits
87
civil society
importance of groups/organizations, not directly related to government
88
collective action
efforts of a group to acheive a common goal or adress shared concerns
89
grassroots lobbying
when lobbyists lobby in their hometown
90
wire service
provide accurate/timely mews reports to media outlets
91
investigative journalism
a specialized form of journalism in in-depth research and analysis to uncover hidden facts
92
broadcast media
distribution of audio and visual content to a wide audience
93
media consolidation
when a large media source combines w/ smaller media source
94
horse-race journalism
- covers elections on whos winning rather than policy
- treats campaigns like races, emphasizing polls and tactics over issues
