Caregiver-infant interactions, stages of attachement, multiple attachment

Question 1

what is an attachment

Answer 1

a close two way bond between two individuals where they seek eachother for their own emotional security

Question 2

what are the three behaviours people display which represent attachment

Answer 2

proximity
seperation distress
secure-base behaviour

Question 3

what does proximity refer to

Answer 3

people try to stay physically close to those they are attached to

Question 4

what does seperation distress refer to

Answer 4

people are distressed when an attachment figure leaves their presence

Question 5

what does secure-base behaviour refer to

Answer 5

people tend to return to their attachment figures even when being independent

Question 6

what is a caregiver

Answer 6

any person who provides care for a child

Question 7

what is an infant

Answer 7

a child in their first year of life

Question 8

what are caregiver-infant interactions

Answer 8

communication between a caregiver and an infant

Question 9

what are the two types of caregiver-infant interactions

Answer 9

reciprocity and interactional synchrony

Question 10

what is reciprocity

Answer 10

a two way process in which each party responds to the other’s signals in turns

Question 11

what is interactional synchrony

Answer 11

when a caregiver and infant reflect the actions and emotions of the other in a coordinated way, at the same time like mirroring

Question 12

which study supported the existence of interactional synchrony

Answer 12

meltzoff and moore

Question 13

what did the meltzoff and moore study find

Answer 13

observers found an association between the expression/gestures of an adult and the actions of babies, having only seen the infant reaction

Question 14

how many stages of attachment were identified by schaffer

Answer 14

4

Question 15

who came up with stages of attachment

Answer 15

schaffer

Question 16

what is schaffer’s first stage of attachment called

Answer 16

the asocial stage

Question 17

when is an infant in the asocial stage

Answer 17

birth - 2 months

Question 18

what does the asocial stage involve

Answer 18

babies behaviour to human/non-human objects is very similar but by the end of the stage infants become increasingly calmer in the presence of other humans due to caregiver-infant interactions

Question 19

what is schaffer’ second stage of attachment called

Answer 19

indiscriminate attachment

Question 20

when is an infant in the indiscriminate attachment stage

Answer 20

2 months - 7 months

Question 21

what does the indiscriminate attachment stage involve

Answer 21

babies show a preference for people than inanimate objects, distinguish between familiar (preffered) and unfamiliar adults but can be comforted by any adult

Question 22

what is schaffer’s third stage of attachment called

Answer 22

specific attachment

Question 23

when is an infant in the specific attachment stage

Answer 23

at 7 months

Question 24

what does the specific attachment stage involve

Answer 24

forms a primary attachment figure (65% time the mum) , beginning of stranger and seperation anxiety

Question 25

what is schaffer's fourth stage of attachment called

Answer 25

multiple attachments

Question 26

when is an infant in the multiple attachment stage

Answer 26

after 7 months

Question 27

what does the multiple attachment stage involve

Answer 27

secondary attachments form, other adults they regularly spend time with, formed by 1 year old

Question 28

what is a primary attachment figure

Answer 28

the person whom an infant is most intensely attached to

Question 29

what is a secondary attachment figure

Answer 29

the person an infant recieves additional support from, broader emotional safety net

Question 30

what was the method of schaffer and emerson's study

Answer 30

60 Glasgow babies, working class families, longitudinal study, observation and interviews with mother to assess stranger and seperation anxiety in different situation

Question 31

what were the findings of schaffer and emerson's study

Answer 31

- 50% babies showed seperation anxiety at 6-8 months - 65% time mother is primary attachment figure - 3% time father is primary attachment figure - 75% babies had attachment with father by 18 months

Question 32

what is the biological explanation for different mother and father roles

Answer 32

female hormones like oestrogen create higher levels of nurturing

Question 33

what is the social explanation for differing mother and father roles

Answer 33

result of traditional gender roles and stereotypes in society

Question 34

what is the role of the father

Answer 34

provide children with a secure environment to learnt o be brave, importance as 'playmates' since they encourage children to take risks while being safe

Question 35

which study suggested fathers can be primary attachment figures

Answer 35

Field

Question 36

what was field's study

Answer 36

filmed 4 month old babies interaction with primary mothers/fathers

Question 37

what were the findings on field's study

Answer 37

primary fathers spent more time smiling, imitating and holding infants just like primary mothers

Question 38

what can we learn from Field's experiment

Answer 38

the key to attachment relationships is the level of responsiveness not the gender of the parent

Question 39

Which study provides evidence for the importance of interactional synchrony

Answer 39

Isabella et al

Question 40

What were the findings of Isabella et al’s study

Answer 40

high levels of synchrony were associated with better quality attachments