CARL ROGERS (PERSON CENTERED THEORY)

Question 1

Rogers is most properly associated with

Answer 1

client-centered therapy.

Question 2

Before deciding on psychology, Rogers aspired to be a

Answer 2

farmer and minister

Question 3

Rogers described the formative tendency as the tendency for

Answer 3

matter to evolve from simpler to more complex forms.

Question 4

Rogers believed that all behavior relates to one’s

Answer 4

actualizing tendency

Question 5

Healthy people evaluate their experiences as good or bad according to which criterion?

Answer 5

the actualizing tendency

Question 6

In Rogerian theory, the actualizing tendency

a) synonymous with the formative tendency.

B)	has the same or nearly the same meaning as self-actualization.

C)	refers to the person's organismic experiences.
	
D)	refers to the tendency to actualize the perceived self.

Answer 6

refers to the person’s organismic experiences.

Question 7

Inner tension arises, Rogers said, when a conflict exists between the

Answer 7

self-actualizing tendency and the organismic self.

Question 8

A discrepancy between the self-concept and the ideal self results in

Answer 8

incongruence.

Question 9

Subception was defined by Rogers as

Answer 9

the process of perceiving stimuli without an awareness of the perception.

Question 10

Tyler has a low perception of himself. To increase his self-concept, his parents and teacher continually praise and compliment him. Rogers believed that such praise and compliments are most likely to

A)	enhance Tyler's self-esteem.
	
B)	reinforce Tyler's negative behavior.
	
C)	be easily accepted into Tyler's self-concept.

D)	be distorted by Tyler.

Answer 10

be distorted by Tyler.

Question 11

According to Rogers, two of our basic needs are

A)	sex and safety.

B)	self-actualization and self-enhancement.

C)	power and submission.

D)	maintenance and enhancement.

Answer 11

maintenance and enhancement.

Question 12

Rogers believed that, for psychologically healthy individuals,

Answer 12

the self and experience are congruent.

Question 13

Which statement is consistent with Rogers’s theory?

A)	Self-regard is originally dependent on self-concept.
B)	Once achieved, self-regard can exist independently of others' opinions and attitudes.
	
C)	Self-regard is symptomatic of malignant egoism.

D)	Self-regard stems from the negative appraisals received from others.

Answer 13

Once achieved, self-regard can exist independently of others’ opinions and attitudes.

Question 14

An unawareness of a discrepancy between self and experience leads to

Answer 14

vulnerability.

Question 15

According to Rogers, the two primary defensive strategies are

A)	repression and denial.
	
B)	repression and reaction formation.
C)	denial and distortion.
	
D)	subception and regression.

Answer 15

denial and distortion.

Question 16

Rogers believed that a disorganized personality may at times behave consistently with organismic experience and at other times consistently with

A)	the ideal self.	
B)	others' expectations.
C)	the shattered self-concept.
	
D)	the actualizing tendency.

Answer 16

the shattered self-concept.

Question 17

Rogers hypothesized that empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence are

Answer 17

necessary and sufficient conditions for therapy.

Question 18

In Rogers’s seven stages of therapeutic process, growth is irreversible when clients reach which stage?

Answer 18

6th

Question 19

Clients are better able to listen to themselves when the therapist possesses

A)	sympathy for them.	
B)	empathy for them.
C)	conditions of worth toward them.
	
D)	a professional attitude toward them.

Answer 19

empathy for them

Question 20

Rogers hypothesized that persons of tomorrow would

Answer 20

be open to their experience.

Question 21

In the Chicago study, Rogers and his associates found that

) clients who received client-centered therapy became fully functioning.

B)	empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence were neither necessary nor sufficient.

C)	clients who received client-centered therapy improved, but they did not reach an "average" level of psychological functioning.

	
D)	clients who received cognitive behavior therapy showed no gain.

Answer 21

clients who received client-centered therapy improved, but they did not reach an “average” level of psychological functioning.

Question 22

In testing Rogers’s facilitative conditions, Cramer has found that

A)	empathy alone is therapeutic.

B)	counselor congruence alone is therapeutic.
	
C)	unconditional positive regard alone is therapeutic.

D)	advice-giving interferes with a positive therapeutic outcome.

E)	all three facilitative conditions are necessary.

Answer 22

all three facilitative conditions are necessary.

Question 23

Vansteenwegen (1996) found that couples receiving client-centered therapy

A)	showed initial improvement but reverted to pre-therapy status after one year post-treatment.

	
B)	were very likely to divorce or break off their relationship.

C)	showed increases in positive regard, empathy, and congruence.

	
D)	developed strong positive self-regard but demonstrated negative regard for their partners.

Answer 23

showed increases in positive regard, empathy, and congruence.

Question 24

Which statement is most consistent with Rogers’s concept of humanity?

A)	People have a natural tendency to move toward actualization.

B) People move inevitably toward actualization.

C) People move inevitably toward self-actualization.

D) People are free to become what they will.

Answer 24

People have a natural tendency to move toward actualization.

Question 25

Rogers (1978, 1980) believed that there is a tendency for all matter, both organic and inorganic, to evolve from simpler to more complex forms.

Answer 25

Formative tendency

Question 26

the tendency within all humans (and other animals and plants) to move toward completion or fulfillment of potentials (Rogers, 1959, 1980). This tendency is the only motive people possess.

Answer 26

Actualizing tendency

Question 27

Even though people have a strong desire to maintain the status quo, they are willing to learn and to change. This need to become more, to develop, and to achieve growth is called

Answer 27

Enhancement

Question 28

The _______includes all those aspects of one’s being and one’s experiences that are perceived in awareness (though not always accurately) by the individual.

Answer 28

Self-concept

Question 29

Defined as one’s view of self as one wishes to be. The ________contains all those attributes, usually positive, that people aspire to possess

Answer 29

Ideal Self

Question 30

A wide gap between the ideal self and the self-concept indicates _________ and an unhealthy personality.

Answer 30

Incongruence

Question 31

Without _________ the self-concept and the ideal self would not exist.

Answer 31

Awareness

Question 32

Rogers (1959) defined _______as “the symbolic representation (not necessarily in verbal symbols) of some portion of our experience” (p. 198)

Answer 32

Awareness

Question 33

Three levels of Awareness

Answer 33

First, some events are experienced below the threshold of awareness and are either ignored or denied. Second, Rogers (1959) hypothesized that some experiences are accurately symbolized and freely admitted to the self-structure. A third level of awareness involves experiences that are perceived in a distorted form

Question 34

Many people have difficulty accepting genuine compliments and positive feedback, even when deserved

Answer 34

Denial of Positive Experiences

Question 35

The person develops a need to be loved, liked, or accepted by another person, a need that Rogers (1959) referred to as

Answer 35

Positive Regard

Question 35

They perceive that their parents, peers, or partners love and accept them only if they meet those people’s expectations and approval

Answer 35

Conditions of Worth

Question 35

defined as the experience of prizing or valuing one’s self.

Answer 35

Positive Self-Regard

Question 35

Our perceptions of other people’s view of us are called

Answer 35

external evaluations

Question 36

This _______ between our self-concept and our organismic experience is the source of psychological disorders

Answer 36

Incongruence

Question 36

Rogers (1959) believed that people are _________when they are unaware of the discrepancy between their organismic self and their significant experience.

Answer 36

Vulnerable

Question 37

Rogers (1959) defined _______as “a state of uneasiness or tension whose cause is unknown”

Answer 37

Anxiety

Question 37

The greater the incongruence between our perceived self (self concept) and our organismic experience, the more _________ we are.

Answer 37

Vulnerable

Question 37

________ is the protection of the self-concept against anxiety and threat by the denial or distortion of experiences inconsistent with it (Rogers, 1959).

Answer 37

Defensiveness

Question 38

we refuse to perceive an experience in awareness, or at least we keep some aspect of it from reaching symbolization.

Answer 38

Denial

Question 38

Two chief defenses

Answer 38

Distortion and Denial

Question 38

we misinterpret an experience in order to fit it into some aspect of our self-concept

Answer 38

Distortion

Question 39

In a state of ________________ people sometimes behave consistently with their organismic experience and sometimes in accordance with their shattered Behavior can become disorganized or even psychotic when one’s defenses fail to operate properly.

Answer 39

Disorganization