Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BAMS Histology, Tooth Morphology, Head And Neck Anatomy > Cartilage And Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage And Bone Flashcards

(82 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Which component of cartilage is responsible for conferring significant compression strength?

A

Chondroitin sulphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Trabeculae are lined externally by a calliper layer known as what?

A

Endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What physiological process drives osteoclastogenesis in conditions such as periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What cell type differentiates from immune cell lineage?

A

Osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What cell type is involved in bone restoration?

A

Osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Function of skeletal connective tissues.

A

Form skeleton
Form strong framework so support and protect body and facilitate movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name and describe the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline = connects ribs to sternum
Contains articular cartilage. (lines bones at joints
Elastic = external ear or epiglottis (lap of tissue under tongue or back of throat)
Fibrocartilage = forms lad that connects and protects individual vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the appendicular part of skeleton.

A

Function: facilitate movement
Contains bones of limbs (arms, legs)
Provide attachment site for muscles
When muscles contract they pull on bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the axial part of the skeleton?

A

Function: protect organs
Composed the head, vertebrae and ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name the 3 main components of connective tissue

A

Ground substance
Fibres
Cells

GS+ fibres = extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is the extracellular matrix firm and glassy?

A

Due to predominance of chondroitin sulphites in GS

(Compression strength)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Function of chondroitin sulphates?

A

Provide resistance to compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

All cartilage are avascular.
What does this mean and what does it result in?

A

No blood vessels

Results in poor heeling or no heeling
All exchange of nutrients must occur by diffusion in and out of cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of fibres does cartilage contain?

A

Collagen
Elastin fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of cells does cartilage contain?
What is there function?

A

Chondroblasts
Chondrocytes

Function: synthesise or secrete extracellular (cartilage) matrix
Also maintain it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Features of hyaline cartilage.

A

•Abundant GS
•Gives rise to smooth gel like tissue (lubricate joints)
•Tough but flexible (compression strength)
•Full of collagen fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Small chamber in matrix becomes occupied by one or more chondrocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where does the chondrocytes live?

A

Lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what type of cartilage is the outer perichondrium present?

A

hyaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the function of the perichondrium?

A

growth and maintenance of cartilage
attach cartilage to other various tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the difference between hyaline and articular cartilage?

A

hyaline has an outer perichondrium and articular doesn’t.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where are chondroblasts found in cartilage?

A

the inner layer of perichondrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what happens when chrondroblasts synthesise and secrete cartilage matrix?

A

they become completely embedded and surrounded by the matrix (essentially trapped)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what happens after chondroblasts become completely embedded in the matrix?

A

new ones synthesise new matrix and cells are pushed towards centre of cartilage, once they are encased they have to stop secreting new matrix as it has no where to go

this is mature chondrocytes and they maintain the matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is a mature form of chondroblast called?
chondrocyte
26
what is elastic cartilage and what does it provide?
flexible, avascular connective tissue that provides support and resistance to compression.
27
what does elastic cartilage contain?
perichondrium, chondrocytes and lacunae lots of elastic fibres
28
where is elastic cartilage found?
outer ear and epiglottis
29
where is fibrocartilage found?
in pads between spinal vertebrae
30
what does fibrocartilage do?
attach and connect vertebrae limit movement of spine
31
features of fibrocartilage.
tough and durable chondrocytes arranged in rows donated by irregular dense collagen fibres
32
what does the ground substance of bone tissue contain?
chondroitin sulphate hyaluronic acid etc (GS is a small component in bone)
33
what are the fibres made up of in bone tissue?
type 1 collagen
34
in bone tissue, what does GS + fibres make?
osteoid
35
what is an osteoid?
un-mineralised organic component of ECM 28%
36
how does an osteoid become mineralised?
by decomposition of hydroxyapatite
37
what does hydroxyapatite do to bones and what is it like itself ?
gives them strength and hardness in itself its extremely brittle
38
what do collagen fibres do for hydroxyapatite crystals?
provide framework which gives rise to very hard but flexible tissue
39
what is hydroxyapatite made of?
mineralised crystals of calcium phosphate
40
percentage composition of bone?
28% osteoid 2% cell 70% hydroxyapatite
41
bone consists of bone tissue and at least 1 other. name them (5)
1. CT proper (periosteum) - dense irregular CT that wraps around external surface of bone 2.adipose tissue (fatty marrow) - at centre of bone 3. blood vessels 4. nervous tissue 5. articular cartilage - mod of hyaline cartilage lines external surface of bone where they form joint
42
name the 2 types of bone and describe them.
compact = cortical - dense tough outer layer of bone that goes round perimeter spongey = trabecular - honeycomb structure
43
what makes bone heavy?
Hydroxyapatite
44
name the 4 cells of brain tissue?
osteogenic/ osteprogenitor osteoclast osteoblast osteocyte
45
what are osteogenic/ osteprogenitor cells?
only found in bones capable of cell division bon cell precursor (enables bone formation) important: repair and maintenance = divide and give rise to osteoblasts
46
describe order of bone cell lineage.
osteocytes were one osteoblasts that differentiated from different osteogenic cells
47
what is an osteoblast involved in?
synthesising and secreting new bone matrix before maturing into and osteoclast
48
function of an osteocyte?
maintain mineralised bone tissue
49
function of an osteoclast?
resorb bone (recycle)
50
where do osteoclasts derived from and how do they form?
immune cell lineage fusion of many monocytes or macrophages
51
what are osteoclasts?
phagocytic cells that can ingest and dissolve bone matrix have many nuclei (multinucleate)
52
what is a trabeculae?
each spike on an interwoven network of bone plates
53
what is the periosteum?
outer layer of fibrous connective tissue in bones (like perichondrium in cartilage)
54
what do you find in inner osteogenic layer of bones?
osteogenic cells that give rise to osteoblasts
55
what is under the osteogenic layer in bone?
thick layer of compact and spongey bone towards medullary cavity.
56
what is the lamellae?
layers of compact and spongey bone - can be arranged in concentric circles
57
what is an osteon and what is it made up of?
functional unit of bone made up of concentric lamellae
58
what is at the centre of an osteon and what is it made up of?
centre (aversion) canal - run longitudinally blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics
59
what is a Volkmann's canal?
extends from centre canal and connects it to periosteum
60
function of volksmann's canal?
supply tissue with nutrients
61
what are circumferential lamellae?
layers of bone not in concentric circles directly below the periosteum - run around circumference of bone
62
"compact bone that lies between osteons that are remnants of previous remodelled osteons"??
interstitial lamellae
63
what migrates into interstitial lamellae and why?
osteoclasts to resorb and recycle large channel into bone tissue
64
what are remnants of old osteons called?
interstitial lamellae
65
why do osteocytes lay in the lacunae?
to maintain the material they previously laid down as osteoblasts.
66
"tiny canals which osteoclasts reach out to neighbours"
canaliculi
67
what do canaliculi allow?
osteocytes to maintain contact, communication with neighbours and receive nutrients
68
features of spongey bone.
contains lamellar bone. lined externally by endosteum don't have centre canal so not an osteon no blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics at centre
69
what are the spaces between tabeculae in spongey bone occupied by?
red/yellow marrow blood vessels nerves lymphatics
70
what is spongey bone externally lined by?
endosteum
71
what happens in the healthy activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts?
they coordinate so that bone formation (osteoblastogenesis) is coupled with bone resorption (osteoclastogenesis)
72
describe the 4 factors of bone remodelling?
growth = expertise builds bone too mechanical stresses hormonal = calcium homeostasis immunological
73
what hormones influence bone remodelling?
* sex hormones (oestrogen) * parathyroid control bone/ calcium metabolism (stimulates osteoclastogenesis)
74
what do we require for calcium uptake from diet?
hormone calcitriol (active form of vit D) produced from sun exposure (precursor for calcitriol)
75
what type of of control is bone remodelling under
immunological
76
what does inflammation do in inflammatory diseases in bone?
disrupt balance of bone resorption and bone formation lead to increased ossteoclastogensis and loss of bone
77
what is periodontitis?
loss of attachment of periodontal ligament (gingival recession) - destructive inflammatory disease - chronic immune response to oral bacteria leads to destruction of host tissue - immune mediated uncoupling of bone remodelling - increased osteoclastogenesis - destruction of alveolar bone and subsequent tooth loss
78
what is arthritis (2 types) ?
osteoarthritis - affects smooth cartilage around joint (changes shape) rheumatoid arthritis - autoimmune, body attacks own tissue - initially affects synovium (outer joint covering)then inflammation spreads changing joint shape
79
what causes osteomalacia? (rickets in children)
-Failure of osteoid to mineralise adequately -Lack of vit d/ calcium are most common cause
80
what happens if there is no decomposition of of hydroxyapatite in bone?
bones become flexible (bow legged) aren't rigid enough to maintain normal stance
81
what percent of hydroxyapatite in bone and enamel?
bone = 70% enamel = 95%
82
what leads to enamel hypoplasia?
lack of vit D leads to lack of calcium absorption leads to enamel hypoplasia as enamel isnt strengthened enough plays role in delayed tooth eruption

BAMS Histology, Tooth Morphology, Head And Neck Anatomy (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions