Skin And Mucous Membranes

Question 1

Name the 6 functions of skin.

Answer 1

Protection
Thermoregulation
Water regulation
Sensation
Absorption
Store and synthesis - vitD, fat, glucose, water, salt

Question 2

What are the 3 basic skin layers?

Answer 2

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous layer

Question 3

Describe the structure of the epidermis?

Answer 3

Stratified squamous epithelium
Flat scale like cells
No blood vessels
4-5 layers

Question 4

What is present on the surface of the skin?

Answer 4

A thick keratin layer

Question 5

What is majority of the epidermis made up of?
What does it contain?

Answer 5

Stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer)
Contains desmosomes

Question 6

What cell layer is only present in thick cells?

Answer 6

Stratum lucidum

Question 7

Name the layers of epidermis. Outer to inner

Answer 7

Stratum corneum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

Question 8

What is the stratum granulosum?

Answer 8

Cells become smaller and flatter due to there only being keratin and basic cell outline left

Question 9

What makes up 95% of epidermal cells?

Answer 9

Keratinocytes (epithelial cells)

Question 10

What are langerhans cells? (Present in epidermis)

Answer 10

Take antigens and present them to immune system

Question 11

What do merkel cells do? (Present in epeidermis)

Answer 11

Sensory receptors

Question 12

What do melanocytes do? (Present in epidermis)

Answer 12

Produce melanin

Question 13

What cells are present in the epidermis?

Answer 13

Keratinocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells
Melanocytes

Question 14

Where does thick skin cover?

Answer 14

Palms of hands and soles of feet

Question 15

Try to name the 9 things present in the dermis?

Answer 15

Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Few adipocytes
Nerve endings
Blood vessels
Glands
Smooth muscle (some areas)
Lymphatics
Hair follicles

Question 16

What are fibroblasts?

Answer 16

Thin spindle shaped cells that produce collagen

Question 17

What is the purpose of the papillary layer of the skin?

Answer 17

Holds epidermis and dermis together tightly

Question 18

Where is the papillary layer of skin found?

Answer 18

Projects into intervals between epidermal ridges.

Question 19

What is the papillary layer of skin supplied with?

Answer 19

Capillaries and nerve endings

Question 20

What does the reticular layer of skin contain?

Answer 20

Dense connective tissues and fibre components

Question 21

Name 5 causes of acne?

Answer 21

Change in hormones
Over production of sebrum
Infections
Diet
Smoking

Question 22

Describe an example of an autoimmune condition that affects the skin?

Answer 22

Psoriasis
Primary skin is infected not mucous membranes

-rapid turnover of cells so thicker with more blood cells
From 10 to 7 days

Question 23

Sign of psoriasis?

Answer 23

Inflammation causes red colour on skin

Question 24

Describe pemphigus? An autoimmune condition that affects the skin.

Answer 24

One of the proteins that make up desmosomes and desmogein (protein) attach to antibodies and attack.

Question 25

What does pemphigus look like in oral cavity?

Answer 25

Ruptures almost instantly Painful raw areas in mouth

Question 26

How to treat pemphigus? (Autoimmune skin condition)

Answer 26

Monoclonal antibodies

Question 27

Describe vitiligo? (Autoimmune skin condition)

Answer 27

Antibodies formed against melanocytes in basal layer or melanocyte stimulating hormone Loss of pigment of skin

Question 28

What are the 2 different types of skin cancer?

Answer 28

Basal cell carcinoma Squamous call carcinoma

Question 29

Describe a squamous cell carcinoma.

Answer 29

Overexposure to sunlight Uncontrolled growth of epithelial cells Keratinocytes in the epidermis grow out of control and form tumour

Question 30

What type of skin cancer is slower in growth?

Answer 30

Basal cell carcinoma

Question 31

Describe a malignant melanoma.

Answer 31

Most dangerous skin cancer Caused by sun/sun beds More likely to develop if moles present or runs in family

Question 32

What is the first protective mechanism of the body in mouth?

Answer 32

Mucous membranes

Question 33

What is a mucous membrane?

Answer 33

Epithelial lining that produces mucous containing mucosa (sticky protein) that traps microbes, pathogens, dirt etc

Question 34

4 functions of the mucous membrane?

Answer 34

Protection Secretion Absorption Sensation

Question 35

How does the mucous membrane protect?

Answer 35

From trauma, pathogens etc It protects underlying tissues in oral/nasal cavity and oesophagus

Question 36

How does the mucous membrane secrete?

Answer 36

All mucous membranes contain some form of secretion - in stomach it has a specific secretory function with production of acid and digestive enzymes.

Question 37

How does the mucous membrane absorb?

Answer 37

Ability to absorb substances important for drug delivery In GIT they absorb nutrients and water from intestinal contents

Question 38

How does oral mucous membranes feel sensation?

Answer 38

has receptors for different types of sensation eg taste

Question 39

Describe the basic structure of the mucous membrane?

Answer 39

2 layers - epithelium - lamina propria (mucosae)

Question 40

Where are the layers of the lamina propria found?

Answer 40

Directly beneath the mucosal epithelium and it’s basement layers.

Question 41

What is the epithelium layer in mucous membranes?

Answer 41

Stratified squamous and basement membranes

Question 42

What is the lamina propria (mucosae) in the mucous membranes? What does it contain?

Answer 42

Supportive areolar Contains loose fibrous connective tissue and adipose tissue

Question 43

What is the mucosa constituted of?

Answer 43

Lamina propria mucosae and epithelium

Question 44

What cells does the lamina propria mucosae contain?

Answer 44

Fibroblasts Immune cells Lymph modules Virtually lacking adipocytes

Question 45

What extracellular matrix does the lamina propria mucosae contain?

Answer 45

Collagen Elastin fibres

Question 46

What is the trachea composed of?

Answer 46

Cillated, pseudostratified epithelium and an elastic, fibre rich lamina propria

Question 47

What does the small intestine have affinity for?

Answer 47

Absorb material from small intestine epithelium

Question 48

What enables small intestines to absorb?

Answer 48

Brush border

Question 49

What do goblet cells produce?

Answer 49

Mucin

Question 50

4 function of the oral mucosa?

Answer 50

Protection Sensation Secretion Permeability and absorption

Question 51

How does the oral mucosa protect?

Answer 51

Barred to micro organisms

Question 52

How does the oral mucosa have sensation?

Answer 52

Receptors respond to touch, taste, pain etc

Question 53

How does the oral mucosa secrete?

Answer 53

Maintain a moist surface with salivary glands.

Question 54

How is the permeability and ability to absorb utilised in the oral mucosa?

Answer 54

Drug delivery

Question 55

What type of epithelium is in the oral mucosa?

Answer 55

Stratified squamous

Question 56

Describe the lining oral mucosa?

Answer 56

Buccal mucosa Soft palate

Question 57

Describe the masticatory oral mucosa?

Answer 57

Hard palate

Question 58

What is the gustatory oral mucosa?

Answer 58

Tongue

Question 59

Describe the nucleus in an oral mucosa? (2)

Answer 59

Parakeratosis = dark dots of nuclei remains Orthokeratosis = pure, no nuclei

Question 60

Is the oral mucosa keratinised or non keratinised ?

Answer 60

Can be both

Question 61

What 2 types of conditions can be found in mucous membranes?

Answer 61

Acquired Congenital

Question 62

Give an example of a condition that affects the skin and mucous membrane.

Answer 62

Lichen planus

Question 63

What does cystic fibrosis affect?

Answer 63

Epithelial lining of respiratory and GIT and reproductive tracts - salivary glands