Cartilage and Bone

Question 1

cartilage is simply described as a

Answer 1

specialized form of fibrous connective tissue

Question 2

a main feature of cartilage compared to the rest of the body is that it is

Answer 2

avascular

Question 3

Cartilage contains ________ embedded in the extracellular matrix

Answer 3

chondrocytes

Question 4

Three types of cartilage

Answer 4

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage

Question 5

3 primary functions of cartilage

Answer 5

support soft tissues

guide the development

growth of long bones

Question 6

the temporary skeleton for the fetus until replaced with bone is primarily

Answer 6

hyaline cartilage

Question 7

location of hyaline cartilage

Answer 7

articular ends of long bones in adults, walls of respiratory system (nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi) and ventral ends of ribs

Question 8

In the hyaline cartilage matrix, the area adjacent to chondrocytes is called

Answer 8

the territorial (capsular) matrix

Question 9

the territorial (capsular) matrix is

Answer 9

poor in collagen, but rich in glycosaminoglycans

Question 10

Components of hyaline cartilage matrix

Answer 10

homogenous, amorphous ground substance with proteoglycan aggregates and chondronectin embedded type II collagen

Question 11

layer of dense irregular connective tissue-surrounds hyaline cartilage except at articular surfaces

Answer 11

Perichondrium

Question 12

perichondrium provides

Answer 12

blood supply for the avascular cartilage

Question 13

Components of perichondrium

Answer 13

outer fibrous layer( containing type I collagen, fibroblasts, and blood vessels)and – inner cellular layer (containing chondrogenic cells- source of new cartilage cells)

Question 14

mature cartilage cells embedded in lacunae

Answer 14

chondrocytes

Question 15

cartilage is made and maintained by

Answer 15

chondrocytes

Question 16

chondrocytes may occur in groups of 2-8 cells because

Answer 16

when cells divide they stay in the same lacunae

Question 17

this type of cartilage is less prone to degeneration than hyaline cartilage

Answer 17

elastic cartilage

Question 18

Elastic cartilage matrix

Answer 18

contains a network of elastic fibers– gives a yellowish color to elastic cartilage

Question 19

type of collagen with no perichondrium

Answer 19

fibrocartilage

Question 20

elastic cartilage is located

Answer 20

where flexible support is required (external ear, Eustachian tube, and epiglottis, larynx)

Question 21

fibrocartilage has properties between

Answer 21

connective tissue and hyaline cartilage

Question 22

Where is fibrocartilage found?

Answer 22

fibrocartilage is found where support and tensile strength are needed in conjunction with hyaline cartilage, other fibrous tissues, or both

Question 23

In fibrocartilage, chondrocytes may align along

Answer 23

lines of stress

Question 24

fibrocartilage has alternating rows of___________ and thick bundles of ____________

Answer 24

fibroblast derived chondrocytes and type I collagen

Question 25

main component of adult skeleton

Answer 25

BONE

Question 26

dynamic tissue-constantly undergoes shape change, absorption and resorption in response to biomechanics forces

Answer 26

BONE!

Question 27

specialized CT-calcified EM with osteocytes embedded in the matrix

Answer 27

Bone

Question 28

Bone matrix consists primarily of

Answer 28

hydroxyapatite crystals

Question 29

organic portion of bone is primarily made of

Answer 29

type I collagen

Question 30

ground substance of bone contains

Answer 30

chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate

Question 31

______ are 50% of the dry weight of bone

Answer 31

minerals

Question 32

inorganic (Calcified) portion of bone is made up of

Answer 32

calcium, phosphate, bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium, and sodium

Question 33

first bone formed in fetal development

Answer 33

primary bone

Question 34

primary bone has a ________ mineral content than secondary bone

Answer 34

lower

Question 35

2 types of secondary bone

Answer 35

compact bone and spongy bone

Question 36

dense, outer portion of bone

Answer 36

compact bone

Question 37

meshwork of trabecular in bone interior

Answer 37

spongy bone

Question 38

compact bone is organized with

Answer 38

outer circumferential lamellae below the periosteum and inner circumferential lamellae adjacent to the marrow cavity

Question 39

other than compact bone, rest of bone is organized around

Answer 39

haversian canal systems (osteons)

Question 40

Osteons are connected to each other by

Answer 40

Volkmann's canals

Question 41

bone periosteum distributes

Answer 41

blood vessels to bone

Question 42

layer of non calcified CT covering bone on external surfaces, except at synovial articulations

Answer 42

Bone periosteum

Question 43

Sharpey's fibers

Answer 43

(type I collagen) - attach periosteum to the bone

Question 44

thin specialized CT which lines marrow cavities

Answer 44

endosteum

Question 45

Endosteum is the source of _________________ and ________ for bone growth and repair

Answer 45

Endosteum is the source of osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts for bone growth and repair

Question 46

osteoprogenitor cells can differentiate into

Answer 46

osteoblasts

Question 47

flatttened/spindled shaped . inner layer of periosteum and endosteal cells that line marrow cavity

Answer 47

osteoprogenitor cells

Question 48

osteoblasts regulate

Answer 48

mineralization of bone

Question 49

this cuboidal/polygonal bone cell secretes collagen, ground substance and osteoid

Answer 49

osteoblast

Question 50

osteocytes maintain

Answer 50

bone matrix

Question 51

osteocytes reside in

Answer 51

lacuna

Question 52

to a limited extent osteocytes are capable of

Answer 52

synthesizing and resorbing matric

Question 53

osteocytes communicate with other osteocytes and osteoblasts via

Answer 53

processes that extend through canaliculi and gap junctions with other cells

Question 54

osteoclast

Answer 54

multinucleate cell - acidophilic. macrophage lineage- phagocytic. Actively resorb bone

Question 55

osteocLasts release

Answer 55

lysosomes into extracellular space

Question 56

Howship's lacuna

Answer 56

depression in bone created by osteoclast. cell seals off area, acidifies and secretes acid hydrolyses to resorb bone.

Question 57

decrease in bone mass associated with a normal ratio of mineral to matrix. Due to decreased bone formation, increased bone resorbtion or both

Answer 57

Osteoporosis

Question 58

osteoporosis occurs primarily in old age because of diminished secretion of

Answer 58

growth hormone

Question 59

osteomalacia is due to _______ ________ in adults

Answer 59

calcium deficiency

Question 60

osteomalacia in children

Answer 60

Rickets. Primarily due to vitamin D deficiency but calcium deficiency can be a contributing factor

Question 61

Osteomalacia is characterized by ________ ___________ of newly formed bone and _________ of calcified bone

Answer 61

deficient calcification decalcification

Question 62

Acromegaly

Answer 62

excess pituitary growth hormone in adults

Question 63

Acromegaly is characterized by _____________ in extremities and in parts of facial skeleton

Answer 63

very thick bones

Question 64

osteomalacia is usually accompanied by deformation of bone spicules in epiphyseal plates which causes

Answer 64

bones to grow more slowly and allows bone deformation

Question 65

Sharpeys fibers attach

Answer 65

Periosteum to bone

Question 66

Fibrocartilage easily confused with

Answer 66

Dense regular connective tissue