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Histology Exam 2 TonyFrim > Osteochondrogenesis/ joint components > Flashcards

Osteochondrogenesis/ joint components Flashcards

1
Q

bone histogenesis occurs by

A

intramembranous and endochondral bone formation

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2
Q

Both intramembranous and endochondral bone formation produce bone that appears

A

histologically identical

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3
Q

Bone formation is accompanied by

A

bone resorbtion

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4
Q

Bone remodeling is defined as

A

the combination of bone formation and resorbtion

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5
Q

how long does bone remodeling occur?

A

remodeling occurs throughout life

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6
Q

Ca++ concentration of body fluids controlled within

A

narrow limits

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7
Q

Bone is a ______ for Ca

A

buffer

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8
Q

Old osteons are constantly being

A

replaced

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9
Q

Osteoclasts form an

A

erosion tunnel

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10
Q

Remodeling occurs inside

A

compact bone and at bone surfaces

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11
Q

When new bone is laid down on an eroded surface, a thin layer of _________________ is first produced

A

cementing substance is first produced

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12
Q

The first layer produced when new bone is laid down on an eroded surface is called

A

“cementing or reversal line”

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13
Q

About what percentage of bone turns over each year in adults

A

10%

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14
Q

In flat bone formation, (intramembranous bone formation) mesenchymal cells condense into

A

primary ossification centers

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15
Q

When mesenchymal cells condense into primary ossification centers-differentiate into osteoblasts they begin secreting

A

osteoid collagen

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16
Q

Osteoid collagen has

A

randomly oriented collagen fibrils and the first bone formed from this is called woven bone

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17
Q

With calcification osteoblasts trapped in matrix become

A

osteocytes

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18
Q

Small spicules of developing bone unite to form

A

trabeculae

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19
Q

fusion of bony trabeculae produces a

A

spongy bone

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20
Q

in spongy bone blood vessels invade and other mesenchymal cells give rise to the

A

bone marrow

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21
Q

areas of mesenchymal tissue that do not undergo ossification differentiate into the

A

periosteum and endosteum

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22
Q

The woven bone initially formed from an irregular osteoid collagen matrix will convert to

A

lamellar bone in the outer layers and inner layer remains as spongy bone (dipole)

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23
Q

in endochondral bone formation hyaline serves as a

A

small model for the bone and as a scaffold for bone development

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24
Q

bone follows _________ (endochondral bone formation)

A

cartilage

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25
Q

2 stages for endochonral bone formation

A

development of primary and secondary centers of ossification

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26
Q

primary center of ossification develops at

A

the midriff of the diaphysis of the cartilaginous model

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27
Q

vascularization of the perichondrium at the primary ossification site transforms chondrogenic cells to

A

osteoprogenitor cells

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28
Q

after chondrogenic cells are transformed into osteoprogenitor cells they then differentiate into__________ and perichondrium is now called _________

A

osteoblasts

periosteum

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29
Q

role of osteoblasts on the surface of the cartilaginous model by intramembranous bone formation

A

osteoblasts produce the subperiosteal bone collar(deep to periosteum)

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30
Q

In ossification, the cartilage matrix in the diaphysis will eventually begin to

A

CALCIFY

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31
Q

the calcified cartilage matrix inhibits

A

nutrient diffusion and hypertrophied chondrocytes die

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32
Q

chondrocytes in the primary ossification center become________, and secrete _________ and _________

A

chondrocytes in the primary ossification center become hypertrophic, and secrete collagen X and vascular endothelial growth factor

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33
Q

in the bone collar osteoclasts create

A

perforations

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34
Q

role of the perforations in the bone collar created by osteoclasts

A

permit periosteal buds to enter the primitive marrow cavity in the C-model

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35
Q

periosteal buds (NAME some)

A

blood vessels, osteoprogenitor cells, and mesenchymal cells

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36
Q

the perforations of osteoclasts cause the walls of these newly created little spaces to be

A

calcified

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37
Q

in primary ossification, the subperiosteal bone collar thickens and elongates toward the

A

epiphysis

38
Q

osteoclasts begin to resorb the calcified cartilage-calcified bone complex which… (primary ossification)

A

enlarges the primitive marrow cavity

39
Q

calcified cartilage stains

A

basophilic

40
Q

calcified bone stains

A

acidophilic

41
Q

Bone matrix(osteoid) made and calcified on the surface of calcified cartilage forms a ________ __________-________ _________ complex

A

calcified cartilage-calcified bone complex

42
Q

repetition of the sequence of events involved in primary ossification results in

A

bone formation spreading toward the epiphyses

43
Q

Where do secondary ossification centers develop bruh????????????????????????????????????

A

epiphyses

44
Q

secondary ossification centers develop at epiphyses after

A

diaphyseal ossification center is well established

45
Q

Lauren London or Sanaa Lathan or Scarlett J or the new Yeezys

A

all of the above

46
Q

secondary ossification begins when osteoprogenitor cells

A

invade the epiphyses and differentiate into osteoblasts

47
Q

These make bone matrix and replace disintegrating cartilage

A

osteoblasts

48
Q

when the epiphyses are filled with bone tissue, cartilage is found in what 2 areas

A

articular surfaces and the epiphyseal plates

49
Q

articular cartilage remains and thus….

A

does not contribute to bone formation

50
Q

Epiphyseal plates

A

Epiphyseal plates continue to grow- add new cartilage to epiphyseal end while being replaced at diaphyseal end

51
Q

Diaphyseal and epiphyseal bone become continuous around age __

A

20

52
Q

this signals the beginning of a secondary ossification center

A

penetration of blood vessels into the epiphysis from the perichondrium

53
Q

Zone of reserve

A

small, randomly arranged, inactive chondrocytes

54
Q

Zone of proliferation (interstitial growth)

A

region of rapid mitotic divisions, gives rise to row of isogenous cell groups

55
Q

In the region of calcified cartilage, blood vessels penetrate the region and bring…

A

osteoprogenitor cells and begin the process of remodeling calcified cartilage into bone

56
Q

region where the chondrocytes are enlarged

A

zone of cell hypertrophy and maturation

57
Q

region where remnants of cartilage matrices become calcified and chondrocytes die

A

zone of calcification

58
Q

zone where bone is made upon the calcified cartage, followed by the resorbtion of the calcified bone-calcified cartilage complex

A

Zone of ossification

59
Q

periosteal buds penetrate_________ _____ and (does what)

A

periosteal buds penetrate epiphyseal cartilage and erode away the calcified cartilage

60
Q

Epiphysis enlarges by ________ growth and ______ replacement

A

Epiphysis enlarges by cartilage growth and bone replacement

61
Q

Bone is added to the outer layers of the diaphysis by what type of growth?

A

appositional growth

62
Q

inactivated during puberty by estrogen

A

growth plate

63
Q

Proliferating chondrocytes secrete _______________ which stimulates

A

Proliferating chondrocytes secrete Indian hedgehog protein(Ihh) which stimulates chondrogenic periosteal cells to secrete parathyroid hormone-related protein

64
Q

PTH-RP stimulates______________ to divide but also inhibits ____________________

A

PTH-RP stimulates reserve zone chondrocytes to divide but also inhibits proliferative zone chondrocyte hypertrophy

65
Q

Hypertrophic zone chondrocytes secrete

A

type X collagen and VEGF

66
Q

Why you always lying?

A

OMG! sToP

67
Q

Bone fracture damages _______, _________, and __________

A

bone fractures damage bone matrix, bone cells and blood vessels

68
Q

bone fractures damage bone matrix, bone cells and blood vessels AND are usually accompanied by

A

localized hemorrhaging and blood clot formation

69
Q

collar of callus forms where (basic)

A

A callus forms both internally and externally at the fracture site

70
Q

In bone repair, endochondral bone formation replaces the cartilage with

A

primary woven bone

71
Q

irregularly arranged trabecular of primary bone join the ends of fracture bone, forming a ____ ______

A

bony callus

72
Q

hairline fractures heal via

A

intramembranous bone formation that occurs at the periosteal surface

73
Q

The primary bone is resorped and replaced with _______________ as the fracture heals

A

The primary bone is resorted and replaced with secondary (lamellar) bone as the fracture heals

74
Q

immovable joints composed of CT, cartilage, or bone. (unite the first rib to the sternum and connect skull bones)

A

Synarthroses

75
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

slight movement. IV Disks

76
Q

this type of joint is also called synovial joint

A

Diarthroses

77
Q

Diarthroses permit _______ ______ and unite

A

Diarthroses permit maximum movement and unite long bones

78
Q

Diarthroses joints are surrounded by a _______ ______ and these joints also contain

A

2-layered capsule

synovial fluid

79
Q

colorless, viscous fluid rich in hyaluronic acid and proteins

A

synovial fluid

80
Q

Bone repair involves proliferation of ____________ cells from the periosteum and endosteum surrounding the fracture

A

Bone repair involves proliferation of osteprogenitor cells from the periosteum and endosteum surrounding the fracture

81
Q

Two layers of Diarthroses joint

A

1) External (fibrous) capsular layer

2) Internal (synovial) capsular layer - synovial membrane

82
Q

the external layer of the diarthroses joint is basically a

A

fibrous layer of dense connective tissue

83
Q

the internal (synovial) layer of the diarthroses is lined with what type of epithelium

A

Lined squamous to cuboidal cells on the internal surface

84
Q

Layer of Diarthroses that contains Type A cells and Type B cells

A

Internal (synovial) capsular layer - synovial membrane

85
Q

type B cells in the internal capsular layer of diarthroses resemble fibroblasts and probably secrete

A

synovial fluid

86
Q

Nutrients in diarthroses joints diffuse to hyaline cartilage from

A

synovial fluid

87
Q

disease characterized by abnormal osteoclast function where bones are brittle and break easily. Marrow cavity is not developed

A

Osteopetrosis

88
Q

Deficiency in carbonic anhydrase II - osteoclasts can’t accumulate H+ in Howship lacunae to activate acid requiring lysosomal enzymes

A

Albers-Schonberg disease (marble bone disease)

89
Q

Osteoporosis

A

loss of bone mass. postmenopausal osteoporosis mainly has normal rate of resorbtion, but decreased bone formation

90
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis starts as an

A

inflammatory reaction in synovial tissue

91
Q

Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid arthritis involves what unique cells

A

involves activation of CD4+ T cells

92
Q

T cells produce IL-15 which stimulates

A

synovial macrophages to produce proinflammatory cytokines and metalloproteases

Histology Exam 2 TonyFrim (6 decks)

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