Cartilage and Bone

Question 1

What type of tissue are cartilage and bone?

Answer 1

Connective tissues

Question 2

What are the 2 types of bone?

Answer 2

Flat and long

Question 3

What are 4 functions of bone?

Answer 3

• Protection
• Locomotion
• Mineral reservoir
• Blood cell production

Question 4

Where is cartilage usually found and what is its primary function?

Answer 4

At bone ends.

Locomotion.

Question 5

What is the function of flat bones?

Give 3 examples of flat bone.

Answer 5

Protection of internal organs.

Ribs, sternum, and skull.

Question 6

What is the function of long bones?

Give 2 examples of long bones.

Answer 6

Support weight and allow movement.

Femur and humerus.

Question 7

What is the osteoid?

Answer 7

The unmineralised, organic portion that makes up 30% of bone in the ECM

Question 8

What is osteoid composed of?

Answer 8

Type I collagen

Question 9

What crystals give the bone strength and rigidity?

Answer 9

Calcium and phosphate hydroxyapatite crystals

Question 10

Which cells synthesise and secrete bone matrix/osteoid?

Answer 10

Osteoblasts

Question 11

What is the function of osteoblasts?

Answer 11

Synthesis and secretion of bone matrix

Question 12

From where are osteoblasts derived?

Answer 12

Osteoprogentior cells

Question 13

Which cells maintain bone matrix?

Answer 13

Osteocytes

Question 14

What is the function of osteocytes?

Answer 14

Maintenance of bone matrix

Question 15

What are lacunae? What cell type gets trapped within them and changes names?

Answer 15

Gaps/spaces in the bone matrix.

As matrix is synthesised, osteoblasts become trapped as osteocytes.

Question 16

What are osteocytes?

Answer 16

Inactive osteoblasts trapped in the bone they formed

Question 17

Which cells resorb bone and release calcium into the bloodstream?

Answer 17

Osteoclasts

Question 18

From where are osteoclasts derived?

Answer 18

Monocyte cell line

Question 19

What is the periosteum?

Answer 19

A dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds the outer surface of bones

Question 20

Where is the periosteum not found?

Answer 20

At the surfaces of joints

Question 21

What structure do trabeculae form and what does this mean for the movement of bones and muscles?

Answer 21

Forms a lattice network that makes bones lighter, allowing them to be moved easily by muscles.

Question 22

What are trabeculae?

Answer 22

Bands of connective tissue that form along stress lines to provide strength

Question 23

What is the cortical bone?

Answer 23

Dense outer layer

Question 24

What makes up the inner layer of bone?

Answer 24

Spongy cancellous bone / trabeculae

Question 25

What is haematopoiesis?

Answer 25

The production of new blood cells to balance out the loss of mature blood cells.

Question 26

Where is the site of haematopoeisis?

Answer 26

Red/yellow bone marrow

Question 27

What is the endosteum?

Answer 27

The thin inner membrane that separates the bone from marrow

Question 28

What is the thin inner membrane separating bone and marrow?

Answer 28

The endosteum

Question 29

What is the dense layer that surrounds the outer surface of bone?

Answer 29

The periosteum

Question 30

What is the dense outer layer?

Answer 30

Cortical bone

Question 31

What are the structural units that cortical bone is composed of?

Answer 31

Osteons

Question 32

What are osteons composed of?

Answer 32

Layers called lamellae

Question 33

What do osteons have and what is contained within these structures?

Answer 33

Central canals. Contains nerves, capillaries, and lymphatics

Question 34

What are the 3 lamellae layers formed during osteon development?

Answer 34

- Concentric - Interstitial - Circumferential

Question 35

Describe the 4 steps of osteon development

Answer 35

- Osteoclasts resorb a wide channel (the central canal) - Nerves, capillaries, and lymphatics grow into the channel - Osteoblasts line channel and lay down osteoid - Osteoid is mineralised and osteoblasts are trapped in lacunae as osteocytes

Question 36

What are the 2 layers of periosteum?

Answer 36

Outer and inner

Question 37

What is outer periosteum and what does it contain?

Answer 37

Dense, irregular fibrous tissue Contains blood, lymphatics, and nerves

Question 38

What is inner periosteum and what does it contain? What does it give rise to?

Answer 38

A cellular layer next to the bone surface Contains osteogenic cells Gives rise to circumferential lamellae

Question 39

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

Answer 39

Hyaline Fibrocartilage Elastic

Question 40

Is cartilage highly vascular or avascular?

Answer 40

Avascular

Question 41

Which cells maintain the integrity of cartilage?

Answer 41

Chondrocytes

Question 42

Which cells synthesise and secrete cartilage ECM?

Answer 42

Chondroblasts

Question 43

How do cartilage cells receive nutrients if cartilage is avascular?

Answer 43

Cartilagenous matrix diffuses metabolites

Question 44

What is the perichondrium?

Answer 44

A connective tissue that envelops cartilage that is not at a joint

Question 45

What is the connective tissue that envelops cartilage tissue that is not at a joint

Answer 45

the Perichondrium

Question 46

On what surface type is cartilage usually found? Where is this?

Answer 46

Atricular surfaces. =on joints

Question 47

What does hyaline cartilage contain?

Answer 47

Abundant gel ground substance

Question 48

What does hyaline cartilage provide?

Answer 48

A smooth surface that allows tissues to easily move over each other

Question 49

What is fibrocartilage a mix between?

Answer 49

Hyaline cartilage and dense fibrous tissue

Question 50

Where is fibrocartilage found?

Answer 50

Vertebral discs and joints

Question 51

What does fibrocartilage contain? What do they provide?

Answer 51

Abundant collagen fibres Provides strength

Question 52

What does elastic cartilage provide?

Answer 52

Structural support and flexibility

Question 53

What are elastic fibres synthesised by?

Answer 53

Chondrocytes