Glands

Question 1

What are glands?

Answer 1

Epithelial cells that produce secretions

Question 2

Where do glands develop from?

Answer 2

The ectotherm

Question 3

What are the 2 types of glands?

Answer 3

Exocrine and endocrine

Question 4

How are hormones secreted by exocrine glands?

Answer 4

By ducts onto epithelial surfaces

Question 5

Give 2 examples of exocrine glands.

Answer 5

Sweat and salivary glands

Question 6

What are the 2 ways exocrine glands are classified?

Answer 6

By structure or method of secretion

Question 7

What are the 2 structures exocrine glands can be?

Answer 7

Unicellular or multicellular

Question 8

What are the 2 types of multicellular exocrine structures?

Answer 8

Secretory sheets, or pockets

Question 9

What are the 3 methods of exocrine gland secretion?

Answer 9

1. Merocrine
2. Apocrine
3. Holocrine

Question 10

What method of exocrine secretion results in complete destruction of the cell? Give an example of a gland that does this.

Answer 10

Holocrine.

Eg Sebaceous gland

Question 11

What method of exocrine secretion results in a part of the gland cytoplasm being lost? Give an example of a gland that does this.

Answer 11

Apocrine.

Eg Sweat gland

Question 12

What method of exocrine secretion results in no damage or loss to the gland?Give an example of a gland that does this.

Answer 12

Merocrine.

Eg Salivary gland

Question 13

Describe merocrine gland secretion.

Answer 13

Vesicle containing product is released into duct and then secreted

Question 14

Describe apocrine gland secretion.

Answer 14

Portion of cell where product is stored is pinched off and secreted by duct

Question 15

Describe holocrine gland secretion.

Answer 15

Plasma membrane ruptures and releases products

Question 16

How are hormones secreted by endocrine glands?

Answer 16

They are secreted directly into the bloodstream

Question 17

What can be said about endocrine cell nuclei?

Answer 17

They are prominent

Question 18

What can be said about endocrine cell mitochondria?

Answer 18

They are abundant

Question 19

Where are endocrine glands found?

Answer 19

Epithelial surfaces. Thyroid and pituitary gland.

Question 20

What are 2 functions of endocrine glands?

Answer 20

1. Regulating bodily functions

2. Maintaining homeostasis

Question 21

What are the 2 hormone types produced by the thyroid?

Answer 21

1. Iodine-containing hormones

2. Polypeptide hormones

Question 22

What is thyroxine (T4)? How is converted to it’s active form?

Answer 22

An iodine-containing hormone. Converted to T3 by the removal of one iodothryronine unit

Question 23

What is the full name for T3?

Answer 23

Tri-iodothryronine

Question 24

What is the function of T3?

Answer 24

Regulation of metabolic rate and influencing growth

Question 25

What is Calcitonin?

Answer 25

A peptide hormone

Question 26

What is calcitonin secreted by?

Answer 26

Parafollicular c-cells

Question 27

What is the function of calcitonin?

Answer 27

Lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclastic resorption of bone.

Question 28

How many glands does the parathyroid gland have?

Answer 28

4. One pair on the posterior surface. One pair on the anterior surface.

Question 29

What does the parathyroid gland produce that increases blood calcium levels?

Answer 29

Parathyroid hormone

Question 30

What are the 3 ways parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels?

Answer 30

1. Stimulates osteoclastic resorption of bone 2. Reabsorbs calcium ions from urine 3. Increases absorption of calcium from the small intestine

Question 31

What condition stimulates excessive osteoclastic erosion of bone?

Answer 31

Hyperparathryoidism

Question 32

What is hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 32

Little to no parathyroid hormone produced. Usually as a result of surgical removal of parathyroid glands.