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Histo > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

3 types of cartilage and their locations

A

Hyaline cartilage: nose, articular joints, intercostal joints, rings of the trachea/lungs/larynx

Fibrocartilage: intervertebral discs & pubic symphysis

Elastic cartilage: external ear and epiglottis

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2
Q

What kind of cartilage is this?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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3
Q

What kind of cartilage is this?

A

Elastic cartilage

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4
Q

What kind of cartilage is this?

A

Fibrocartilage

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5
Q

How do chondrocytes receive nutrients?

A

By diffusion because cartilage is AVASCULAR

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6
Q

Components of cartilage

A

Chondrocytes

Collagen & elastic fibers

Ground substance (lots of GAGs, proteoglycans)

Matrix is the functional component

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7
Q

Ground substance is ___philic

A

Basophilic because of its high carbohydrate concentration (lots og GAGs, proteoglycans)

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8
Q

Chondrocytes have well developed ___ and have __.

A

rERs because they’re constantly secreting proteins

Also have lipids

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9
Q

Describe the ring around chondrocytes

A

Lacunae: cavity in the ECM that chondrocytes sit in

The ring its territorial matrix is slightly darker, but the ones that are farther out between the cells that is barely stained is the interterritorial/interstitial matrix

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10
Q

Type __ collagen is in the territorial matrix

A

Type II collagen

There are also proteoglycans

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11
Q

Describe the main fibers in hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.

A

Hyaline = type II collagen

Elastic = elastic fibers (requires special stain)

Fibrocartilage = type I collagen (network) as dense irregular connective tissue

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12
Q

Explain the color differences between perichondrium and cartilage?

A

There’s a collagen (pink) in both, but there’s so much more ground substance (basophilic) in the cartilage

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13
Q

Two types of chondrogenesis

A

Appositional growth: at the surface of existing cartilage, perichondrial cells differentiate into chondroblasts

  • Growth in girth of cartilage

Interstitial growth: within the cartilage plate, pre-existing chondrocytes are dividing mitotically

  • Occurs in the early phases of cartilage formation to lengthen long bones
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14
Q

Describe the composition of the hyaline cartilage matrix

A

Capsular (pericellular) matrix

Territorial matrix

Interterritorial matrix

–

Collagen type II

Aggrecan (proteoglycan)

Chondronectin (glycoproein)

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15
Q

Describe the two layers of perichondrium

A

Outer fibrous layer: dense connective tissue = type I collagen + fibroblasts

Inner chondrogenic layer: chondroblasts; give rise to new cartilage

From top to bottom, you can see the progenitors > chondroblasts > chondrocytes

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16
Q

___ cartilage forms the fetal skeleton that will be replaced by bone through endochondral ossification

A

Hyaline cartilage

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17
Q

What kind of cartilage does not calcify with age?

A

Elastic cartilage

  • Appositional growth
  • type II collagen + elastic fibers
  • Ears, epiglottis
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18
Q

What kind of cartilage does not have perichondrium? What is this cartilage type mostly made up of and how does it look ona lside?

A

Fibrocartilage

  • Mostly type I collagen, some Type II collagen
  • Cells align in an organized fashion to resist compression and shearing forces
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19
Q

What happens if you damage the perichondrium, which is responsible for supplying nutrition to the tissues via diffusion?

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A

Fibroblasts in it will form scar tissue instead of chondrogenic cells

20
Q

Lamellar/compact/mature bone vs Woven/primary/immature bone

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A

Lamellar/compact/mature bone - regular alignment of collagen fiber

Woven/primary/immature bone - irregular alignment of collagen fiber

21
Q

Osteon / Haversian system

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A

the circular unit found within the compact portion of mature bone

22
Q

Longitudinal Haversian Canal

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A

Vertical blood vessel channels

23
Q

Transverse / oblique / Volkmann’s canal

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A

Horizontal blood vessel channels

24
Q

Interstitial lamellae

Outer cicumferential lamellae

Inner circumferential lamellae

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A

Lamellae between osteons

The most external layers of compact bone

The most internal layers of compact bone

25
**Outer vs Inner Periosteum**
**Outer periosteum**: Type I collagen dense connective tissue called **Sharpley's fibers** penetrate the bone matrix to bind the periosteum to the bone **Inner periosteum**: composed of **osteoprogenitor cells**, which can differentiate into osteoblasts and help bone growth/repair
26
Endosteum
Lines internal cavities within the bone Composed of osteo-progenitor cells with little connective tissue, so it's thinner than periosteum.
27
28
Components of bone
* *Cells*: **osteoprogenitor, osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast** * *Fibers*: **type I collagen** * *Ground substance*: mineralized, so it stains (unlike cartilage) * *Extracellular matrix-* mostly inorganic * **Calcium phosphate w/ hydroxyapatite** * ***​* type I collagen, proteoglycans, non-collagenous proteins**
29
Specailized fibroblasts derived from mesenchyme desitned to become osteoblasts
Osteoprogenitor cells
30
Ostoeblasts
Large cells that enable bone production by releasing * Matrix proteins (**osteo calcin & RANK**), * **Type I collagen** * **Matrix vesicles** (e.g. alkaline phsophatase​) that help mineralize bone
31
Osteocyte
Mature cells of mature bones; highly branched and allows cell-cell communication via gap jxns Formed when osteoblasts and their secretions get trapped in teh osteoid and ground substance
32
Osteoclasts
Large, multinucleated eosinophilic cells derived from bone marrow (monocytes); reabsorbs bone (forms **howship's lacuna** when doing so)
33
Bone mineralization
1. Osteoblasts secrete **osteocalcium**, which recruits more calcium 2. Positive feedback of calcium secretion increases seretion of matrix vesicles containing proteins 3. Calcium & phosphate reach their needed concentrations --\> mineralize and calcify into **calcium-phosphate**
34
Most of osteogenesis occurs when?
as a fetus
35
**Intermembranous ossification -** where and steps
1. **Osteoblasts** start secreting **osteoid** into mesenchymal connective tissue 2. **Primary bone** patches within the connective tissue form and grow by appositional growth 3. Growth slows as patches on the outer surface merge into **compact bone** and patches in the marrow cavity become **spongy bone** 4. Connective tissue is replaced with adipose or hematopoietic tissue *Where*: most of skull, diaphyseal shafts of long bones
36
**Endochondral ossification** in long & short bones
1. **Chondroblasts** in the condensed mesenchyme grow the cartilage, then start being replaced w bone 2. **Bone collar** formation in the perichondrium along the middle of the diaphysis 1. **Chondrocytes** hypertrophy, deposit calcium phosphate into the matrix, and die 3. **Primary ossification center** formation 1. Blood vessels penetrate the bone collar through channels created by **osteoclasts** 2. **Osteoprogenitor cells** enter and produce **osteoblasts** that deposit primary bone on the cartilage matrix 4. Diaphysis expands via intramembranous ossification while marrow cavity enlarges by osteoclasts 5. **Secondary ossification center** formation: after birth, blood vessels invade the epiphyses 6. **Epiphyseal growth plate** (band of hyaline cartilage) remains between the primary and secondary centers; expands and supplies matrix for ossification 7. Bone increases in length until the growth plate disappears in your 20s
37
From epiphyseal to metaphyseal, whats the order of the zones of epiphyseal plate?
Resting \> Proliferation \> Maturation & hypertrophy \> Calcifcation & cell death \> Ossification
38
Zone of resting/reserve cartilage
Chondrocytes here serve as a reservoir of cells to supply the rest of the zones
39
Zone of proliferaiton
Chondrocytes are actively dividing, creating columns of cells parallel to the long axis of the bone Secretes type II collagen and other matrix components for hyaline cartilage
40
Zone of maturation/hypertrophy
Cells stop dividing, swell up, and secrete collagen & proteins to promote calcification
41
Zone of calcification & cell death
Chondrocytes die as the matrix accumulates hydroxyapatite
42
Zone of ossification
Osteoprogenitor cells invade teh matrix and produce osteoblasts that begin creating woven bone on teh calcified matrix
43
Endochondral ossificiation is built on ___ plates
cartilage plates
44
What cell/type of growth is responsible for the _bone_ growing in length?
**Chondrocytes** - the CARTILAGE- grows as they divide (interstitial growth) --\> bone grows in *length*
45
Th bone grows in girth thanks to __ cells in the \_\_\_.
**Osteoprogenitor cells** in the **periosteum**
46
Name these
47
Identify

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