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Histo > Ovary, Hypothalamus/hypophysis > Flashcards

Ovary, Hypothalamus/hypophysis Flashcards

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1
Q

Ovary functions

A
  • Production of oocytes
  • Production of hormones
    • Sex steroids - estradiol & progesterone
    • Protein hormones - relaxin, inhibin, activin
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2
Q

Ovarian cycle

A
  • Follicular phase (day1-14)
  • Ovulation (day 14-15)
  • Luteal phase (day 15-28)
    • Luteal regression begins ~day 24
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3
Q

How does follicle number change from birth to menopause?

A

You’re birthed with ~1 million primordial follicles, but you lose them through atresia nad through ovulation.

At menopause, you only have about 1000 primordial follicles, but they can’t develop –> loss of estrogens & progestins

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4
Q

What’s the average length of the ovarian cycle?

What is day 1 of the cycle represent?

What is menarche? What is menopause?

A

28 days

Day 1 of cycle = Day 1 of menses

Menarche: initiation of menses; ~12yo

Menopause: cessation of menses; ~50yo

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5
Q

Cycles vary from 21-35 days. What phase is the variation occuring in?

A

Follicular phase

Luteal phase is always 14 days

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6
Q

What happens in the follicular phase vs the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle? (general)

A
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7
Q

What happens in the ovarian cycle vs the uterine cycle?

A
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8
Q

What are the 4 stages of follicular development?

What are the cell types that make up follicles?

A

Primordial -> Primary -> Secondary (antral) -> Mature (Graafian)

Cell types: oocyte, granulosa cells, theca

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9
Q

What is the chromosome number of the oocyte in each follicular stage?

A

Primary oocyte (4N) until it meiosis makes it a secondary oocyte (2N) in the graafian follicle

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10
Q

Describe how the structure of the primordial follicle changes in maturation to the primary follicle

A
  • Primordial follicle (inner to outer)
    • ​Primary oocyte
    • > basement membrane
    • > follicular (squamous) cells
    • > stroma

Follicular cells become granulosa cells & zona pellucida forms

  • Primary follicle:
    • Primary oocyte
    • > zona pellucida
    • > granulosa cells (w gap junctions)
    • > basement membrane
    • > theca from fibroblast cells
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11
Q

What are the white bubbles at the edge of this ovary?

A

Primordial follicles

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12
Q

The majority of ovarian cancer arises from what cells?

A

The germinal epithelium at the cortex

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13
Q

What is the “PO”?

A

Primary oocyte

you can see how its wrapped by granulosa cells

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14
Q

What are the arrows pointing at?

A

At the edge by primordial follicles, so it’s germinal epithelium

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15
Q

Label these as primordial or primary follicles

A

Both are primary follicles because they have those granulosa cells and you can see the theca outside the basement membrane

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16
Q

Describe the structure of the secondary (antral) follicle

A
  • Inner to outer:
    • oocyte
    • zona pellucida
    • Granulosa cells & fluid-filled antrum
    • basement membrane
    • theca interna, theca externa - fibroblast-like cells differentiating into hormone-producing cells
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17
Q

What is this?

A

A secondary follicle because you can see the fluid filled antrum forming (white arrows)

TI= theca interna

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18
Q

Zona pellucida

A

gel-like, proteinrich layer secreted by oocyte

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19
Q

As the secondary (antral) follicle matures, what grows larger?

A

The antrum

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20
Q

Corona radiata

A

First layer of granulosa cells directly adjacent to the zona pellucida (mouse arrow).

  • Remains at ovulation
  • Sends cell processes through teh zona pellucida to communicate with the oocyte
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21
Q

What is the white arrow poitning to?

Study These Flashcards
A

Basement membrane (usually stained a little pinker or darker red than this), but you know it’s between the granulosa and the theca

22
Q

Cumulus oophorus (CO)

Study These Flashcards
A

all the granulosa cells that surround the oocyte, including that first layer - the corona radiata

23
Q

Structure of the mature Graafian follicle

Whats the difference between it and the secondary follicle histologically?

Study These Flashcards
A

Very similar to the mature secondary follicle.

The only difference is its location - it’s gonna be closer to the edge because it was chosen to be ovulated

24
Q

Name the differentiation that occurs in follicle development

Study These Flashcards
A

Squamous cells

–> Granulosa cells: secrete estrogens, has FSH receptors

Fibroblasts

–> theca interna: secrete androgens, has LH receptors

–> theca externa: fibrous & vascualr

25
Follicular atresia
Happens to the majority of follicles; occurs via **apoptosis** * Starts during fetal life, continues a few years past menopause * Occurs at any stage during follicular development
26
What does follicular atresia look like histologically?
The cumulus oophorus separates from the oocyte Nuclei of granulosa cells look fucked up and squiggly
27
Hormones involved in ovarian follicle development
**GnRH** (hypothalamus) goes to pituitary gonadotrophs **FSH & LH** (pituitary) goes to granulosa & theca cell FSH & LH receptors to cause follicle development **Estradiol & inhibin B** (ovary)
28
Estrogen & progesterone- Which one peaks before ovulation? Which one peaks after?
29
Why can't FSH ever be as high as LH?
It has inhibin suppressing it
30
GnRH Describe its path and its funciton
1. Decapeptide synthesized by neuroendocrine cells whose cell bodies are in the **arcuate & preoptic nuclei** 2. Released into **primary capillary plexus** in median eminence 3. **Hypothalamohypophysial portal system** 4. **Pars distalis**, where it binds GnRH receptors on **gonadotrophs** to synthesize and **release FSH & LH** Fxn: pulsatile secretion in men and women causes puberty onset
31
GnRH regulation during follicular phase
During the late follicular phase, **positive feedback from estradiol** --\> _increase_ the pulse frq of GnRH
32
GnRH regulation during the luteal phase
**Negative feedback from progesterone** --\> _decrease_ GnRH pulse frq
33
Other than estradiol (increase) and progesterone (decrease), what else influences GnRH pulse rate?
* Stimulates: **norepinephrine** * Inhibits: **dopamine, endorphins, melatonin, CRF**
34
What phase is the follicle in when estrogen reaches its peak? What happens at peak estrogen?
**Late secondary follicle-** lots of granulosa cells producing estrogen ## Footnote Low estrogen was negative feedbacking and suppressing GnRH, FSH, and LH. Bu**t at these high levels, it then positive feedbacks and increases GnRH, FSH, & LH**
35
What is teh follicle in when progesterone reaches its peak? What happens?
Progesterone is released from the **corpus luteum** It negative feedbacks GnRH, FSH, and LH
36
What causes the LH surge?
The peak of estradiol! Estradiol positive feedback does not result in an FSH surge due to inhibin secreted by the granulosa cells suppresses FSH.
37
Why doesnt estradiol positive feedback also result in an FSH surge?
**Inhibin B s**ecreted by granulosa cells selectively suppresses gonadotrophs secreted FSH Targets pituitary and theca interna!
38
What happens after the LH surge?
All that LH binds the LH receptors on theca cells --\> suppression of LH-induced synthesis of androgen precursors --\> no androgen precursors, so **decreased estradiol synthesis**.
39
Do FSH & LH increase or decrease with age? How do their *relative* proportions change in age?
Increase. Reproductive period: more LH than FSH Menopause: more FSH
40
What kind of follicle is this
Squamous lining so it's not granulosa cells - it's a **primordial follicle**
41
What are the light-staining cells surrounding the tip of the arrow?
granulosa lutein cells are paler
42
**Theca interna cells** Only way you can differentiate between theca interna & externa is just proximityt to the granulosa cells.
43
Coiled glands -\> secretory phase of uterus ## Footnote **Progesterone**
44
Primary oocyte
45
**Late (multilaminar) primary follicle** | (no antrum, so its not secondary)
46
**Secretory phase** because coiled glands
47
external os
48
**Stratum granulosum** Cumulus oophorus is the granulosa cells connecting corona radiata to the rest of the granulosa cells; this is what will get degraded to release the oocyte
49
**Menstrual uterus** - you can see the endometrium sloughing off
50
**B,D,A,C** **A = epididymis** due to stereocilia & smooth epithelial lining **B = seminiferous tubules** in the testes **C = vas deferens** due to 3 layers of smooth muscle **D = efferent ductules** due to wavy epithelium remember, SEVENUP

Histo (20 decks)

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