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BDS2 - oral biology > cartilage and bone > Flashcards

cartilage and bone Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

what are the 2 bone types (macroscopic)

A

> cortical compact bone

> cancellous spongy bone

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2
Q

what is cortical compact bone like

A

thick, hard looking
dense outer plate
80-85% of skeleton

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3
Q

what is cancellous spongy bone like

A

internal trabecular scaffolding
(to save weight)
15-20% of skeleton

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4
Q

what does cortical bone have

A

nutrient canals

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5
Q

what is found in the nutrient canals of cortical bone

A

blood vessels

they are vascularised

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6
Q

what is cortical bone lining tooth sockets penetrated by

A

bundles of collagen fibres of PDL (sharpeys fibres)

this bone is also called bundle bone

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7
Q

what does vital bone contain

A

blood vessels

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8
Q

what is the composition of bone by weight

A

> 60% inorganic
- hydroxyapatite

> 25% organic 
- collagen (90%)
- glycoproteins 
§ osteocalcin 
§ osteonectin
§ osteopontin 
§ sialoproteins
- proteoglycans (GAGs)
§ chondroitin SO4
§ heparan SO4

> 15% water

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9
Q

what are the different proteins in the composition of bone important in

A

bone regeneration due to periodontal disease or resorption of bone

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10
Q

what is in the extracellular matrix

A

> ground substance

> fibres (reinforce the extracellular ground substance)

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11
Q

what is found in the ground substance of extracellular matrix

A 
> semi fluid gel
> long polysaccharide molecules 
> GAGs = Glycos-amino-glycans
- hyaluronic acid
- proteoglycans 
§ chondroitin sulphate 
§ dermatan sulphate 
§ heparan sulphate
§ keratan sulphate
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12
Q

what fibres are found in the extracellular matrix

A

> collagen
elastin
other non-collagenous proteins

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13
Q

what are the types of bone (microscopic)

A

> woven bone

> lamellar bone

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14
Q

describe woven bone

A 
> rapidly laid down
> irregular deposition of collagen
> present in foetus (callus) 
> lots of woven bone in fractures
> Contains many osteocytes
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15
Q

describe lamellar bone

A 
> laid down more slowly
> collagen fibres laid down in parallel
> more organised bone
> normal form in adult
> contain fewer osteocytes
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16
Q

what is compact bone structure

A

> laid down in concentric lamellae (lamellar bone)
form longitudinal columns
organised in haversian systems around central (haversian) canal
lateral (volkman’s) canals
canals contain blood vessels
haversian system is also called an osteon
small dark lacunae (spaces) have radiating canaliculi = small canals (some linke adjacent to haversians systems = osteons)

lol this made no sense to me either sorry x

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17
Q

what are radiating canaliculi

A

interconnecting osteocyte processes

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18
Q

what is an important function of osteocytes

A

nutrition

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19
Q

what do osteocytes have

A

interconnecting projections

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20
Q

what is in cancellous bone

A 
> network of thin trabeculae
> trabeculae consist of lamellae
> osteocytes present
> no obvious haversian systems
> the bone is thin
> nutrients can diffuse in
> bone marrow present in the spaces between trabeculae
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21
Q

where do osteoblasts lie

A

on surface of bone

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22
Q

where are osteoblasts derived from

A

mesenchymal stem cells

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23
Q

what do osteoblasts do

A

synthesis and secrete collagen fibres forming a matrix

the matrix is mineralised by calcium salts

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24
Q

what are osteocytes

A

osteoblasts that become trapped in mineralised bone

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25
where do osteocytes lie
within spaces - lacunae
26
how do osteocytes contact other osteocytes
via cytoplasmic processes that run in canaliculi
27
what side do canaliculi radiate
one side | the side with nutrient so towards the PDL
28
what are osteoclasts
large, multinucleate cells
29
where are osteoclasts derived from
haemopoietic stem cells | related to macrophages
30
what do osteoclasts do
resorb bone (acid phosphates)
31
where do osteoclasts lie
in concavities in bone | in howship's lacunae
32
what is bone remodelling
removal and replacement of bone tissue without change in overall shape (changes within, bone doesnt stay the exact same its whole life - constant turnover) resorption balanced by deposition / apposition
33
what is bone remodelling controlled by
osteoblasts
34
what is bone remodelling regulated by
> hormones eg parathyroid hormone, calcitonin | > paracrine - various cytokines
35
what are the advantages of bone turnover
calcium is kept in low concentration in cells and used in important processes
36
where is the main storage of calcium
in bones
37
how much calcium can an organism maintain
2-4mmol of calcium concentration
38
explain bone turnover
> parathyroid hormone acts on cells to produce collagenase > stimulates these cells to aggregate to form osteoclasts - these then work to remove bone > cells from osteoclasts destruction become active osteoblasts to lay down new bone > osteoid (matrix) is formed under osteoblasts
39
what are signalling molecules involved in bone turnover
- various cytokines | - growth factors
40
what is the reversal line?
a scalloped edge on histology pictures which shows where bone resorption changes to bone deposition
41
what does tooth movement require
remodelling of adjacent soft and hard tissues
42
when does tooth movements occur
> during eruption > post-eruptive eg mesial dirft > orthodontic forces
43
explain orthodontic treatment briefly
- resorption in one area - replacement in another - allows teeth to move - both resoprtion and depositon working at same time in different regions - force in certain direction - goal = remodelling
44
what is cartilage
semi-rigid, unmineralised connective tissue | several different types
45
what is the matrix of cartilage like
similar to bone - ground substance - fibres - dont have mineralised content
46
what is hyaline cartilage
> wide spread > found in larynx, nasal septum, ends of ribs (costal cartilages) articular surfaces, embryonic skeleton (precursor to bone) > flexible
47
what is fibrocartilage
> found in intervertebral discs, pubis symphysis > allows a certain level of flexibility > pubis can detach during labour and reattach
48
where is elastic cartilage found
found in external ear, epiglottis and eustachian tube
49
what are cartilage cells formed by
chondroblasts
50
what happens to chondroblasts when they get trapped in matrix
become chondrocytes
51
are cartilage cells vascular?
no they are avascular nutrients diffuse in some channels are present in thick areas of cartilage
52
what do chondrocytes contain
stores of lipid, glycogen
53
what happens in endochondral ossification
happens in long bones cartilage precursor cartilage proliferation cartilage replaced with bone
54
what happens in intramembranous ossification
growth of bone onto membrane without cartilage flat bones = skull bones bone formed de novo in connective tissue no cartilage precursor
55
what areas dont have high amounts of calcium
hands feet joints there is no calcification in these areas
56
what do areas of no calcification allow during growth
elongation of bone
57
where does cartilage proliferation and growth occur
at the epiphyses of bones
58
how does elongation of bones occur
through endochondral ossification
59
what is spheno-occipital synchondrosis
bone forms around cartilage | bone has endochondral and intramembranous
60
what is achondroplasia
genetic defect of cartilage growth endochondral bone growth is impaired elongation of bones does not occur = shorter arms and legs intramembranous bone growth is not affected skull proportionally looks normal but the face looks too small for the skull base of skull reduced as it is both endochondral and intramembranous affects arrangement of teeth = maxillary crowding
61
through what method does the condylar cartilage develop in the TMJ development
endochondral ossification condyle lies in eminence changes shape as we grow and is rearranged as we grow our teeth
62
what are the 3 most important areas for remodelling throughout lives
> angular process > alveolar process > coronoid process (coronoid and angular proccesses associated with pterygoid muscles so need to grow as muscles do)
63
where does the condyle lie
in the articular eminence
64
what is the structure of the TMJ
``` > articular disc > articular zone > proliferative zone > fibrocartilaginous zone > calcified cartilage > subarticular bone ```
65
what can happen the alveolar and angular processes after tooth loss
these can be resorbed changes as it opens reduction in these areas
66
how is a denture kept in place manually
through suction needs sealed surfaces to minimise lateral forces near that sealing achieved by making it tight against the mucosa
67
what is resorbed after tooth loss
alveolar bone

BDS2 - oral biology (5 decks)

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