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Cas 325 exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

The importance of research

A 
To develop a theory
To understand development
To improve health and well being
To improve parenting 
To improve education
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2
Q

The four central questions of human development

A
  1. Continuity
  2. Discontinuity
  3. Plasticity
  4. Stability
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3
Q

Continuity

A
  • measurable
  • continuous and quantitative: development could be continuous, where it can be observed and measured

(Vygotsky-zone of proximal development, scaffolding, behavior is taught)
(Information processing theory IPT)

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4
Q

Discontinuous

A

Discontinuous and qualitative: development could also occur in a discontinuity fashion, where it cannot he measured or observed.

Cannot see the change because there are stages

Piaget

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5
Q

Plasticity

A

All human beings are capable of change

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6
Q

Stability

A

Human development stays the same

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7
Q

Context

A

The setting, influenced by historical, economic, social, and cultural factors, in which development occurs

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8
Q

Culture

A

The behavior patterns , beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation

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9
Q

Cross cultural studies

A

Comparisons of one culture with one or more other cultures

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10
Q

Ethnicity

A

A characteristic based on cultural heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language

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11
Q

Socioeconomic status

A

A persons position within society based:
Occupation
Education
Economic status

SES implies certain inequalities

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12
Q

Ethnological theory-Konrad Lorenz

A

Pink Floyd story**

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13
Q

Ethology

A

stresses that behavior is influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods

Ethnologists believe that all animals are biologically programmed so that some kinds of learning occur only at certain ages

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14
Q

Critical period

A

The time in development when a specific type of learning can take place; before or after the critical period, the same learning occur only at certain age

Ex. The first 24 hrs it takes for a duckling to imprint to a moving object as mother

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15
Q

Sensitive period

A

An optimal time for certain developments to occur because environment events are most effective for fostering their development at that time

Ex. Learning a second language (the sooner you learn it, the more effectively you will master it)

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16
Q

Freudian stages

A 
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
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17
Q

Psychoanalytic theories

A

Describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion

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18
Q
  1. Oral stage
A

Birth to 1 1/2

Infant pleasure centers on the mouth

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19
Q
  1. Anal stage
A

1 1/2 to 3 yrs

Child’s pleasure focuses on the anus (potty training)

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20
Q
  1. Phallic stage
A

3 to 6 years

Child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals

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21
Q
  1. Latency stage
A

6 years to puberty

Child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills

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22
Q
  1. Genital stage
A

Puberty stage

A time of sexual reawakening; source of sexual pleasure becomes someone outside the family

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23
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial stages

A

Erikson suggests that developmental changes occurs throughout our lives in 8 distinct stages.
The stages emerge in a fixed pattern and are similar for all people.
He argues that each stage presents a CRISIS or CONFLICT that the individual must resolve

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24
Q

Behaviorism

Classical conditioning

A

Through classical conditioning, adults could mold children’s behavior by controlling stimulus-response associations

Pavlov and the dog
Watson: tested Pavlovian conditioning on human subjects

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25
Behaviorism- Learning Theory | Operant Conditioning - Skinner
B. F. Skinner did research and supported Watson’s theory. This approach suggests that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment. •A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences.
26
Reinforcement
A reinforcement is a consequence that increase the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows.
27
Positive reinforcement
Positive reinforcement: rewarding people by giving a reward.
28
Negative reinforcement
Negative reinforcement: rewarding people by taking away unpleasant things.
29
Punishment
Punishment: a punishment is a consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows
30
Social cognitive theory (social learning) | Bandura
Extension of learning theory that includes modeling where people observe behavior and pattern their own after 1. Observation 2. Modeling 3. Imitation 4. Experience -> self efficacy
31
Social ecological theory | Bronfenbrenner
``` Microsystem Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem Chronosystem ```
32
Microsystem
Children learn through direct interaction with those people will populate their immediate environment such as their families their classmates and teachers their churches and other peer groups, sports teams and academic clubs
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Mesosystem
The connections and relationships between the various elements of the microsystem, such as the bonds between parents and children, between students and teachers, between priests and teachers and so forth
34
Exosystem
The institutions that regulate every day public life— the courts, mass media, school systems, as well as the various community systems
35
Chronosystem
Involved with the dimension of time, in terms of the biological lifespan, as well as the patterns of change that occurred in all systems
36
Piaget’s cognitive theory
Proposed that all people passed in a fixed sequence through a series of universal stages of cognitive development Schema Assimilation Accommodation
37
Assimilation
The proceeds In which people understand and experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking Example: Assimilation is when infants, children and adolescents use newly gained or existing knowledge in new situations
38
Accommodation
The process that changes existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or event Example: The modification the infant has to make in order to make the existing information fit into a new situation is called accommodation
39
Piaget’s cognitive stages
Sensorimotor 0-2. Schemes through sense Preoperational 2-7 think symbolically, egocentric Concrete 7-11 logical relationships Formal 11- Abstract thinking
40
Information processing theory
Input Sensory register Short term memory Long term memory
41
Vygotsky sociocultural theory
Theory emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interaction between members of a culture Seeks to explain growth of individual knowledge development and competencies in terms of guidance support and structure supplied by the society SCAFFOLDING ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT
42
Scaffolding
A teaching style that matches the amount of assistance given to the learner’s needs
43
Zone of proximal development
The difference between what one can you do with help and what one can do alone
44
Evolutionary psychology
David buss | Emphasized the importance of adaption, reproduction, survival of the fittest in shaping behavior
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Genes
Units of hereditary information composed of DNA Direct cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life Smallest entity
46
Genome
The complete set of developmental instructions for creating proteins that initiate the making of human organism
47
Mitosis
Cellular reproduction in which the cells nucleus duplicates itself with two new cells being formed Each containing the same DNA as the parent cell, arranged in the same 23 chromosomes Results in the formation of 2 cells
48
Meiosis
A specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm (gametes) Produces 4 cells
49
Gametes
The sex cells From the mother and father that form a new cell at conception
50
Fertilization
A stage in Reproduction whereby an egg and a Soren fuse to create a single cell, called a zygote
51
Zygote
At the moment of conception, the chromosomes obtained from the mother and father unite within a single new cell, a single cell formed through fertilization 23 pairs of chromosomes-one chromosome for each pair comes from the mother’s egg and the other from the father’s egg
52
Genotype
The particular gene forms that individuals inherit A persons genetic heritage, the actual genetic material
53
Phenotype
The way an individuals genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics
54
Prenatal diagnostic tests
Ultrasound sonography Chorionic villi sampling Fetal mri
55
Ultra sound sonography
A prenatal medical procedure in which high-frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant woman’s abdomen
56
Chorionic villi sampling
Prenatal medical procedure in which a small sample of the placenta is removed to detect genetic and chromosome all abnormalities
57
Fetal mri
Uses a powerful magnet and radio images to generate detailed images of the body’s organs and structures
58
Amniocentesis
Prenatal medical procedure in which a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by syringe and tested for chromosomal or metabolic disorders
59
Klinefelter syndrome
Undeveloped testes | Occurs when a boy is born with one or more extra X chromosomes
60
Fragile x syndrome
Most common inherited intellectual disability | Occurs more frequently in Males than in female
61
Turner syndrome
``` Gonadal digenisis (growth hormone Affects only females, when X chromosome is missing or incomplete ``` Physical Deformity such as webbed neck, being short or overweight Missing genetic material
62
XYY syndrome
Makes have an extra Y chromosome having 47 chromosomes, Increased growth velocity
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Passive
Children inherit genetic tendencies from their parents and parents also provide An environment that matches their own genetic tendencies Example: musically inclined parents usually have musically inclined children and they are likely to provide an environment rich in music for their children
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Evocative
The child’s genetic tendencies illicit stimulation from the environment that supports a particular trait. Thus genes evoke environmental support Example: a happy outgoing child elicits smiles and friendly responses from others
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Active | Niche picking
Children actively seek out “niches” In their environment that reflect their own interests and talents and are both in accord with their genotype Example: Libraries, sports fields, and a store with musical instruments are examples of environmental niches children might seek out if they have intellectual interest in books, talents in sports, or musical talents
66
Shared environmental experiences
Siblings common experiences - their parents personalities - intellectual orientation - family’s ses - neighborhood
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Non shared environment
The child’s own unique experiences, both within the family and outside the family, but are not shared by another sibling
68
Germinal period (first 2 weeks)
The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception Includes the creation of the zygote, continued cell division, attachment to the uterine wall
69
Blastocyst
The inner mass of cells that develops during the germinal period These cells later develop into the embryo
70
Trophoblast
The outer layer of cells that develops in the germinal period
71
Embryonic period 2-8 weeks
The rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for the cells form and organs appear Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm
72
Organogenesis
Process of Organ formation that takes place during the first two months of prenatal development
73
Amnion
Life-support system that is a thin bag or envelope that contained a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats
74
Anencephaly
When major portions of the brain is not developed in the embryonic stage resulting from a neural tube defect that fails to close Cannot be fixed
75
Spina bifida
Incomplete closing of the backbone and membranes around the spinal cord Can be fixed
76
Fetal period
Finishing touches
77
Teratogen
Any agent that can potentially cause a physical birth defect The time of exposure Degree of exposure
78
Stages of birth
1. Cervix dilates 2. Birth 3. Delivery of placenta
79
Apgar scale
A widely used method to assess the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth -it evaluates infants heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability 10 is a perfect score Good physical health is a 7
80
Brazelton assessment scale (NBAS
A test performed within 24-36 hrs after birth -assess Newborns neurological development, reflexes and reactions to people

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