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Medicine year 2 semester 1 > Case 14- Questions > Flashcards

Case 14- Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What measures resistance in the placenta

A

Uterine artery doppler

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2
Q

What causes physiological jaundice in babies

A

Reduced lifespan of red blood cells, immature hepatic enzymes, increased enterohepatic circulation

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3
Q

The anatomical landmark that is the approximate location of the pudendal nerve

A

Ischial spine

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4
Q

What is the ischiorectal fossa continuous with

A

The deep perineal pouch

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5
Q

What parts of the penis are found in the superficial perineal pouch

A

The bulb and crura of the penis

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6
Q

What does the scrotum develop from

A

The anterior abdominal wall

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7
Q

In what position can the uterus be palpated in a digital rectal exam

A

The uterus is in a retroflexed position

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8
Q

Relations of the ureter and uterine artery

A

The ureter passes under the uterine artery within the true pelvis (water passes under the bridge)

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9
Q

What can be accessed via the posterior and anterior vaginal fornix

A

Posterior- Rectouterine pouch

Anterior- Vesicouterine pouch

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10
Q

Describe the squamous metaplasia that can be seen in a diagnostic cervical screening

A

A benign non-cancerous change of epithelium to a squamous morphology. This typically happens at the ectocervix in adolescence and pregnancy

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11
Q

The most accurate definition of menopause

A

A transitional phase from mature reproductive function through the perimenopause to no ovarian function

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12
Q

The process that is mainly responsible for breast enlargement during puberty

A

Accumulation of lipids by adipocytes in the interlobar stroma.

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13
Q

The screening test for Down’s syndrome in the first trimester

A

Pregnancy associated plasma protein A, beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin and a ultrasound scan

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14
Q

Tests for Down’s syndrome between 11 weeks and 13 weeks 6 days

A

The ‘combined test’- nuchal translucency, beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin, pregnancy associated plasma protein A

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15
Q

The events of mammogenesis

A

Progesterone causes the growth of the lobules within the breast

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16
Q

What forms the acrosome of the spermatozoa during cell remodeling/repackaging

A

Golgi apparatus

17
Q

Changes that occur in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle

A

Glands within the stroma gradually distend and become more torturous
The functional layer is 5-10mm during the secretory phase, the glands are more coiled

18
Q

What occurs to the arteries towards the menstrual phase

A

There are prolonged periods of constriction in the spinal arteries

19
Q

Gold standard for cervical assessment

A

Transvaginal ultrasound

20
Q

The most common cause of maternal mortality in developing countries

A

Obstetric haemorrhage

21
Q

The endocrine alteration found in women with PCOS

A 
Excess androgens
Increased oestrogen
Increased LH
Decreased FSH
Decreased progesterone
22
Q

The hormonal changes during the puerperium in breastfeeding women

A

Decrease in aldosterone
Drop in oestrogen and progesterone
Drop in thyroxine (T4)

23
Q

Protective and risk factors for breast cancer with explanation

A

Age 50 - Increases risk - risk of all cancers increase with age due to ageing cells and increased risk of cell cycle mutations leading to cancerous cells

Family history - increases risk - first degree relatives of breast cancer cases, potential genetic mutations in family e.g. BRCA 1 or 2, p53 gene

First child below age 30 - reduces risk - reduces lifetime exposure to sex hormones such as oestrogens (increased exposure to sex hormones increases risk)

Breast feeding 4 months - reduces risk - reduces lifetime exposure to sex hormones such as oestrogens (increased exposure to sex hormones increases risk)

24
Q

How does PCOS affect fertility

A

PCOS is associated with oligomenorrhoea, amenorrhoea and anovulation due to raised levels of androgens, gonadotrophins, gonadotrophin releasing hormone and hyperinsulinemia.

25
Q

State the Somatosensory pathway involved in touch sensation

A

Dorsal column

26
Q

Where does the dorsal column synapse from the left foot

A

Nucleus gracilis

27
Q

The region within the CNS which is impinged will cause bilateral analgesia of the trunk

A

The crossing fibres in the spinal cord (ventral white commissure) between C5-T1o

28
Q

The region within the CNS which is impinged will cause bilateral loss of discriminative touch, vibration and proprioception

A

The dorsal spinal cord between C5-T10

29
Q

An example of commissural fibres

A

Corpus collosum

30
Q

What causes malformation of the eyes, ears, mandible and palate

A

Abnormal development of the first pharyngeal arch

31
Q

What would cause analgesia on the right side inferior to the belly button and loss of discrimination touch on the contralateral side

A

1) A lesion in the left region of the spinal cord at T`10
2) Fibres from the anterolateral pathway decussate immediately whilst fibres in the dorsal column ascend to the medulla before crossing over

32
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

An encapsulates receptor which adapts rapidly to vibration

33
Q

Path of the anterior corticospinal tract

A

The fibres of this tract descend on the ipsilateral side of the spinal cord

34
Q

Result of a lesion on the right side of the spinothalamic tract

A

Her left hand could not respond to pain and temperature after the incident

35
Q

Structure of alpha motor neurone

A

Large diameter with thick myelination

36
Q

Where are the sensations of touch, pressure and proprioception integrated

A

Somesthetic association area- within the Superior Parietal lobe

37
Q

Describe the corticospinal tract

A

Most of the corticospinal tract decussates laterally and synapses either directly onto alpha motor neurones on onto interneurones in the ventral horn

38
Q

Result of lower motor neurone lesion in the lower limb- reflexes

A

The Achilles reflex is weak or absent

39
Q

Glial scar following a spinal cord injury

A

Reactive astrocytes form a physical barrier preventing regrowth of neurones through the scar

Medicine year 2 semester 1 (53 decks)

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