Case 2 anatomy

Question 1

what is the peritoneum

Answer 1

a double layered, serous membrane, which lines the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities and invests the viscera.

Question 2

intraperitoneal organ

Answer 2

An organ that is suspended from the body wall by a mesentery

Question 3

retroperitoneal organ

Answer 3

An organ that is pushed up against the body wall and is only partially covered by peritoneum

Question 4

lesser omentrum

Answer 4

A double layer of peritoneum that connects the liver with the lesser curvature of the stomach

Question 5

greater omentrum

Answer 5

A double layer of peritoneum that connects the greater curvature of the stomach with the transverse colon

Question 6

mesentery

Answer 6

A double layer of peritoneum that connects an intraperitoneal organ with the body wall (eg. The mesentery, transverse mesocolon, mesoappendix)

Question 7

parietal peritoneum

Answer 7

The serous membrane that lines the inner surface of the body wall

Question 8

visceral peritoneum

Answer 8

The serous membrane that covers the external surfaces of the abdominal organs

Question 9

peritoneal cavity

Answer 9

The fluid-filled potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneums. enables the organs of the abdomen to slide smoothly over each other.

Question 10

greater sac

Answer 10

the largest portion of the peritoneal cavity

Question 11

lesser sac

Answer 11

The smallest portion of the peritoneal cavity which lies posterior to the lesser omentum and stomach

Question 12

hepatorenal recess

Answer 12

The part of the peritoneal cavity which lies inferior to the liver and anterior to the kidney and suprarenal gland

Question 13

infracolic compartment

Answer 13

The part of the peritoneal cavity inferior to the transverse mesocolon

Question 14

left paracolic gutter

Answer 14

The depression/recess lateral to the descending colon

Question 15

right paracolic gutter

Answer 15

The depression/recess lateral to the ascending colon

Question 16

subphrenic space

Answer 16

The part of the peritoneal cavity which lies between the diaphragm and liver

Question 17

supracolic compartment

Answer 17

The part of the peritoneal cavity which lies above the transverse mesocolon

Question 18

The lesser sac communicates with the greater sac at a small opening termed the

Answer 18

epiploic foramen/omental foramen

Question 19

boundaries of the epiploic foramen

Answer 19

anterior - hepatoduodenal ligament. Posterior - inferior vena cava. Superior - liver inferior - superior part duodenum

Question 20

The hepatoduodenal ligament is formed from the free border of the lesser omentum. Three structures pass in the ligament on route to the liver:

Answer 20

hepatic artery and duct, portal vein.

Question 21

umbilical folds

Answer 21

A single median umbilical fold extends from the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus. It overlies the median umbilical ligament. There are two medial umbilical folds which lie lateral to the median fold; they overlie the medial umbilical ligaments. Two lateral umbilical folds lie lateral to the medial fold.

Question 22

what are the umbilical ligaments remenants of

Answer 22

the midian ligament is a remenant of the urachus

Question 23

innervation of the peritoneum

Answer 23

The parietal peritoneum receives somatic innervation from the nerves that supply the abdominal wall. It is therefore sensitive to pain which can clearly be localised.

The visceral peritoneum receives autonomic innervation.

Question 24

forgut

Answer 24

Extends from the lower part of oesophagus to the second part the duodenum and also includes the liver, spleen and part of the pancreas. organs: duodenum proximal to major papilla. liver. stomach. gall bladder. spleen. pancreus.

Question 25

midgut

Answer 25

Extends from the second part of the duodenum to the distal third of the transverse colon, it also includes part of the pancreas. organs: proximal 2/3 transverse colon. appendix. jejunum. duodenum distal to major papilla. ileum. hepatic flexure. caecum. ascending colon.

Question 26

hindgut

Answer 26

Extends from the distal third of transverse colon to the proximal part of the anus.organs-anus. splenic flexure. descending colon. distal 1/3 transverse colon. sigmoid colon.

Question 27

blood supply of GI tract

Answer 27

forgut - coeliac artery. midgut - superior mesenteric artery. hindgut - inferior mesenteric.

Question 28

lymph of the GI tract

Answer 28

first regional i.e liver - hepatic nodes.then into regional sections like forgut into coeliac nodes.

Question 29

autonomic innervation of the GI tract

Answer 29

Preganglionic sympathetic fibres arise in the lateral horn of grey matter of the thoracolumbar regions of the spinal cord. Their axons pass in the ventral root, spinal nerve, ventral ramus and white ramus communicantes to enter the sympathetic chain. They pass through the chain without synapsing and continue on to the prevertebral ganglia as splanchnic nerves. They terminate in prevertebral ganglia by synapsing with the postsynaptic fibres that pass to the effector organ. foregut-coeliac ganglion. greater splanic nerve. T5-9. midgut - lesser splanic nerve, pregang T10-11. sup mesenteric ganglion. hindgut-inf mesenteric ganglion. T12 l1. lumbar splanic nerve.

Question 30

Which nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the gut?

Answer 30

vagus

Question 31

sensory innervation of the GI tract

Answer 31

Visceral afferent information for reflexes (such as stretch to the intestinal wall) is conveyed with parasympathetic fibres. Visceral afferent pain fibres are conveyed with sympathetic fibres. Therefore pain afferents from the foregut enter the spinal cord at levels T5-9, those from the midgut at T10-11 andc from the hindgut at T12-L1. This accounts for why referred pain from the abdominal viscera is perceived on specific regions of the abdominal wall.

Question 32

As its name suggests the submucosal plexus is located in the submucosa. What is the other name that is given to this plexus?

Answer 32

meisseners

Question 33

enteric nervous system

Answer 33

The enteric nervous system is often considered to be the third part of the autonomic nervous system. It consists of two nerve plexuses.The myenteric plexus is responsible for gastointestinal motility whereas the submucosal plexus senses environmental changes in the lumen and regulates gastrointestinal blood flow and epithelial cell function. The enteric nervous system can function autonomously but it communicates with the central nervous system and is regulated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic parts of the autonomic nervous system. One plexus is located between the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of muscle in the muscularis externa and the other is located within the submucosa.

Question 34

functions of the stomach

Answer 34

storage of ingested food, control of chyme into duodenum, protection against pathogens.

Question 35

what is located anterior to the stomach

Answer 35

abdominal wall. liver. diaphragm.

Question 36

what is located posterior to the stomach

Answer 36

kidneys. spleen. suprarenal gland. lesser sac. splenic artery. transverse mesocolon. pancreus. transverse colon.

Question 37

what branches of the coeliac trunk supply the stomach

Answer 37

common hepatic, left gastric, splenic.

Question 38

arteries and veins and nerves to stomach

Answer 38

follow short gastric, left right right left gastroepiploic