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SEM1 BIOSCIENCE > Case 7 > Flashcards

Case 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 6 hallmarks of cancer?

A 
indefinite replication
angiogenesis
apoptosis evasion
independent growth
intolerance to growth signals
metastasis
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2
Q

what is clonal evolution?

A

when sporadic mutations are passed on to daughter cells meaning each point mutation can occur independently

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3
Q

what are the types of mutation that cause cancer?

A

Leads to cell proliferation

Leads to genome destability

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4
Q

how are oncogenes activated?

A

Point mutations
Chromosomal translocations- different promoter control
Chimeric genes

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5
Q

what is the ligand for the Her2 receptor?

A

EGF

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6
Q

Describe the cascade following Her2 receptor activation

A

homodimer transphosphorylation
Grb-SOS
Ras GTPase
eventual phosphorylation of ETS

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7
Q

What are the consequences of Her2 activation?

A

cyclin D1 gene expression

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8
Q

what genes come under the control of the estrogen response element?

A

Cyclin D and E

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9
Q

the progesterone response element controls expression of what gene?

A

cyclin D

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10
Q

What protein does BRCA1 associate with?

A

BRCA associated ring domain BARD

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11
Q

What are the functions of BRCA1? (4 main functions)

A

E3 ubiquitin ligase
double stranded DNA repair
Apoptosis
Controls cell cycle

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12
Q

How does BRCA1 control the cell cycle?

A

activates p21
p21 inhibits CDK’s
cell cycle arrest

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13
Q

What are the functions of BRCA2?

A

single stranded DNA repair

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14
Q

Why is Rb known as a tumour suppressor protein?

A

Binds E2F

E2F is a TF for cyclin genes

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15
Q

How is the Rb protein inactivated?

A

hyperphosphorylation by cyclins

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16
Q

What are the functions of p53?

A

apoptosis initation
DNA repair
Cell cycle control

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17
Q

What protein regulates p53?

A

mdm2- E3 ubiquitin ligase

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18
Q

How does p53 carry out its DNA repair function?

A

mdm2 senses DNA damage
Disocciates from p53
p53 increases expression of p21
cell cycle arrest

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19
Q

What cyclins and CDKs are associated with the G1:S phase?

A

Cyclin D:CDK4

Cyclin E:CDK2

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20
Q

What cyclins are associated with the S:G2 phase?

A

Cyclin A:CDK2

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21
Q

What cyclins are associated with the G2:M phase?

A

Cyclin B:CDK1

Cyclin A:CDK1

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22
Q

What is the treatment for Her2 receptor positive cancer?

A

Herceptin/trastuzumab

monoclonal antibody

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23
Q

what is the treatment for estrogen receptor positive breast cancer?

A

Tamoxifen

estrogen receptor inhibitor

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24
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Anastrazole?

A

aromatase inhibitor

used to treat estrogen receptor positive breat cancer in peri/post menopausal women

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25
What are the ligands that initiate extrinsic apoptosis?
Fas and TNFa
26
What is the mechanism of extrinsic apoptosis?
Fas ligand binding DISC formation @ membrane caspase activation
27
What are the functions of the two types of caspase?
Initiator- mitochondrial stress | Executioner- degrade cellular components
28
What are the main steps in intrinsic apoptosis pathway?
Bax recognises intracellular signals Bax binds mitochondrial membrane Cytochrome C released Caspases activated
29
What is atrophy?
Cell shrinking in size
30
What is hypertrophy?
Cells increasing in size and functional capacity
31
What is hyperplasia?
increased number of cells caused by increased cell division
32
What is metaplasia?
the transformation of one cell type to another
33
What is dysplasia?
The enlargement of a tissue as a result of proliferation of abnormal cells
34
What is anaplasia?
The loss of structural differentiation within a cell
35
Neoplasia is...
abnormal growth of tissue that continues to grow in the absence of growth signals
36
If there is expansion of cells confined to a local area, it is a....
benign tumour
37
Invasion of neighbouring tissue is a characteristic of what type of tumour?
Malignant
38
What are the clinical effects of a benign tumour?
Mechanical pressure Obstruction Infection Increased hormone production (in some cases)
39
In addition to those of a benign tumour, what are the clinical effects of malignancy?
tissue destruction haemorrhage Secondary infection
40
What is a paraneoplastic syndrome?
An event due to tumour secretions, not at the location of the tumour
41
Finger clubbing, non-bacterial endocarditis and ancanthosis nigricans are all examples of what type of syndrome?
Paraneoplastic
42
What is an adenoma?
benign gland forming epithelia
43
What is a papilloma?
benign protrusion from a surface epithelia
44
From which tissue does a carcinoma arise?
epithelial tissue
45
From which tissue does a sarcoma arise?
Stromal tissue
46
From which tissue does leukemia arise?
Bone marrow | Blood
47
From which tissue does a lymphoma arise?
lymph tissue
48
From which tissue does a teratoma arise?
Germ line cells
49
What are the most common routes of malignancy? (4)
Blood Lymph Transcoelomic Along epithelia
50
what is cachexia?
unintentional weight loss as a result of increased metabolic rate
51
What is a ductal carcinoma in situ?
malignancy inside duct | not spread to surrounding stroma
52
How do you treat a DCIS?
``` lumpectomy radiation therapy (in some cases) ```
53
How do you treat an invasive ductal carcinoma?
Mastectomy Radical mastectomy- associated lymph node removal Chemotherapy
54
How do you manage a BRCA positive test result?
annual mammography MRI screening oophrectomy mastectomy
55
Olaprib and Niraprib are examples of what class of drug?
PARP inhibitor induces apoptosis
56
What drug is used as a chemopreventative agent in response to BRCA mutation?
Tamoxifen- 5 year course | reduces risk by 40%
57
What is an effective treatment for estrogen receptor positive breast cancer in pre-menopausal women?
bilateral oophrectomy
58
What is the structure of the over 50 breast cancer screening program?
one mammogram every 3 years
59
beliefs about illness appear to follow a pattern. They are made up of what categories?
``` Identity Cause Controllability Timeline Cure ```
60
illness belief identity...
diagnosis and symptoms
61
illness belief consequence...
severity
62
illness belief timeline
how long it will last
63
illness belief cause
how the illness was brought on
64
illness belief cure
prognosis

SEM1 BIOSCIENCE (9 decks)

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