Case Formulation Approach to CBT (Persons, 2008) Flashcards
(21 cards)
Operant
&
Respondent Behaviours
Operant: A behaviour controlled by consequences
Respondent (Pavlov/Classic Cond): A behaviour controlled by antecendents
Reinforcers
(pos & neg)
Consequences that increase the probability of a behaviour
Pos: Occurance of event (e.g., paycheck) that increases probability of behaviour that preceeded it (e.g., work)
Neg: Removal of an event (e.g., anxiety) that increases probability of behaviour that preceeded it (e.g., social stress).
Involves presence of adverse stimuli
E.g., using seatbelt to stop sound
Punishment & Extinction
Consequences that decrease the probability of a behaviour.
Most effective when combined with reinforcement of behaviours that are incompatible with (and serve the same function) as the behaviour that is beign extinguished.
Punishment: presentation or removal of an event after a response that decreases the probability of the response occuring again.
Good for immediate result and dangerous behaviours
Extinction: response that was previously reinforced is no longer followed by the reinforcment
Shaping
Develops by rewarding successive small increments of that behaviour
What behaviour is most resistent to exctinction?
A behaviour that is controlled by an intermittent consequence is always more resistent than behaviour that is always followed by a consequence
When do consequences exert the most control?
When they occur immediately after the behaviour
Natural consequences (e.g., approval and attn) are better than artificial ones; why, b/c they promote generalization of learned behaviours to other situations
Extinction Burst
&
Spontaneous Recovery
Burst: recurrence of behaviour right after extinction, often intense
Spontaneous: recurrence of behaviour after extinction, often weaker
Discriminate Stimulus
antecendent event/stimulus that indicates a certain response will be reinforced
E.g., Office hours - students only come then because that is when prof is available
Stimulus Ctrl
a behaviour is said to be under stimulu ctrl if the probability of it’s occurence depends onw what stimuli are present
E.g., going to library to write so not surrounded y dogs and TV
Pavlov Dog
- UCS – food
- UCR – salivation
- CS – bell
- CR – salivation
Pairing neutral stimulus with reflecifive response
Counter Conditioning
- Extinguishng a response
- E.g., fear of rabbits; give boy something he likes eating and slowly introduce rabbits
Contingent
When a consequence follows only from a specific behaviour
High-order conditioning
Pairing of CS1 with a second CS2,
so CS2 elicits a conditioned response similar to CS1
Lewinsohn’s Behaviour Therapy
- concept: individuals exp depression from life event that causes them to lose the ability to obtain pos reinforcers
- increase pos reinforcement by teaching them to identify and carry out acitivites they find rewarding
- also improve social skills to increase amt of response-contingent pos reinformcent
Behavioural Activation
- depressions arrises b/c individuals have oriented their lives in service of escape/avoidance
- reduce reliance on escape/avoidance
CBASP
CB Analysis System of Psychotherapy
- EST for chronic depression
- idea that individual doesn’t have percieved functionality; loses motivation to take action and doesnt get postive reinforcement
- combo learning-cognitive model
- uses negative reinforcment, modeling, and skills training
Case formulation approach to CBT
- Assessment –>
- Case formulation & Dx –>
- Tx planning & informed consent –>
- Tx
Progress monitoring throughout –> termination
Elements of a Case Formulation
- describe patient Sx, DO, and problems
- propose hypotheses about mechanisms
- propose precipirants
- the origin of mechanisms
Case formulation: Mechanism hypotheses
Nomothetic & Idiographic
Nomothetic: general
Idiographic: specific to Sx, thoughts, maladaptive BEH
Levels of Formulation
Case –> Disorder/Problem –> Sx
- case: 1+ DO/probs
- disorder: Sx
