Doing CBT Book (Tolin, 2016) Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
Acquisition Deficit
A
A skill deficit in which the person does not know the appropriate skill
2
Q
Acting the Opposite
A
Behaving in a manner that challenges beliefs,
rather than confirming them
3
Q
Action Tendancy
A
An emotionally driven motivation to engage in certain patterns of behaviour
4
Q
Activity Scheduling
A
Increasing client activities that have a high likilhood of being naturally postively reinforced
5
Q
Activity Scheduling Components
A
- part of BEH activation
- starts w/ self-monitoring
- rate mastery/pleasure
- perscribing activities
- what BEH should be added
- most rewarding if consistent w/ LT values & goals
- Schedule desired activities
6
Q
Alliance Rupture
A
A tension or breakdown in the therapuetic relationship
7
Q
Antecedents
A
External or internal stimuli that precede a BEH response
8
Q
Avoidance Learning
A
Learning to perform a behaviour in anticipation of an aversive stimulus with the aim of preventing it
9
Q
Basic steps of self-control interventions
A
- ID and monitor the target behaviour
- conduct a Fx analysis of antecedents and consequences of a behavior
- Interevene at the event level; situation selection/stimulus ctrl
- conduct process of self-reinforcemetn for desired behaviours
10
Q
Behavioural chain
A
A sequence of BEh that leads up to the target BEH
11
Q
Behavioural Skills Deficit
Also define behavioural deficits and excess
A
A lack of: knowledge, poor implementation, inconsistent use, or behaviours skills
that would help the individual interact successfully with the environment.
- *BEH deficit** - adaptitive BEH that occurs too infrequently
- *BEH excess** - maladaptive BEH that occurs too frequently
12
Q
Case Formulation Approach
A
Hypothesis testing approach to clinical assessment, formulation, and intervention.
13
Q
Chaining
A
Teaching a set of smaller BEH in a specific sequence to create the larger, desired BEH
14
Q
Clinically relevant BEH (CRBs)
A
Healthy or unhealthy BEH, exhibited int eh therapy session, that are related to the problem for which the client is being treated
15
Q
Clinically significant change
A
The extent to which scores on an outcome measure can be interpreted as:
1) healthy
2) not ill
3) closer to healty than ill
*depending on defintion
16
Q
Cognitive Dissonance
A
Adjusting beliefs so they “fit” our BEH
Non-Book Def:
the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioral decisions and attitude change.
17
Q
Collaborative Empiricism
A
- therapuetic relationship approach
- therapist and client work as partners to test hypotheses about problems and how to address
18
Q
Collaborative Model Building
A
Process of developing a case conceptualization collaboratively with the client
19
Q
Competing response training
A
Practice a BEH that competes with, or is incompatible with, an unwanted BEH
20
Q
Contingencies
A
The context in which a BEH occurs, including rewards and punishers that follow a given BEH, thus increasing or decreasing its future liklihood of occurance
21
Q
Contingency contract
A
An agreement that specifies the contingencies to be used in a BEH change program
22
Q
Continuous Reinforcement
A
Reinforcement that always follows the BEH
23
Q
Core pathological process
A
Interation of cognitive, emotional, and behavioual responses that become maladaptive or unhelpful
24
Q
Cues
A
Environmentla signals that tell us to perform (or not to perform) a particular BEH
25
Cultural Competency
* The ability to intervene in a culturally sensitive manner
* Being aware of perosnal values and biases
* Possessing knowledge of the client's cluture and worldview
26
Deficient behaviour repertoire
An ability to select and/or perform the required BEH in the appropriate circumstance
27
Differential reinforcement of other BEH
| (DRO)
Decreasing an unwanted BEH by reinforcing a competing, more desireable, BEH
28
Differential reinforcement or lower rates of BEH
| (DRL)
Providing reinforcment when the frequency of a BEH is less than or equal to a prescribed limit
29
Direct behavioural prescribptions
Therapist instructions to the client to engage in some form of behaviour change
30
Discriminative Stimulus
A stimulus that serves as a cure or signal for a certain BEH response
31
Doing better in order to feel better
Using BEH change in order to affect emotions and thoughts
32
Empiricism
Notion that knowledge is best attined by forming testable hypotheses and obsering outcomes
33
Escape
* negative reinforcment
* a contingency
* subtracts something (unwanted) from the client's experience, thus increasing the likelihood that the BEH will occur again
34
Examples of Contingency Management
* prompt-praise-ignore
* taken economy
* self-ctrl stragies
* reinforcing CRBs in sessions
* changing aversive contingency patterns
35
Extinction
Removel of a reinforcement for a BEH
36
Extinction Burst
The initial increase in BEH following removal of reinforcers
37
Fading
Gradually removing prompts to engage in a desired BEH and/or gradually decreasing reinforcement for the desired BEH
38
Fluency Deficit
* Skill deficit
* person knows the appropriate skill, but is unable to perform it in a smooth/natural manner
39
Graded Task Assignments
Breaking down complex tasks into manageable components, or doing progressively more challenging activities
40
Habits
BEH that are performed semi-automatically in response to environmental cues
41
Intermittent Reinforcement
Reinforcement that SOMETIMES follows the BEH
42
Measurement Reactivity
occurs when the act of monitoring something changes what you're monitoring
43
Miracle Question
A way of asking the client to identify specific, concrete indicators that the presenting problem has resolved
44
Negative Contingency
&
Positie Contingency
* Negative contingency
* something is _w/drawn from_ the person's experience, following the person's BEH, that _was_ there before the BEH
* Positive contingency
* something is _added to_ the person's experience, following the person's BEH, that was _not_ there before the BEH
45
Motivation
A fluctuating state that involves recognizing a problem, searching for a way to change, and then beginning and sticking with that strategy
46
Motivational Interviewing
A way of interacting wiht the client that aims to increase the client's readiness to make BEH change
47
Narrowing
A form of stimulus control that invovles restricting the range of stimuli associated with the BEH
48
Noncontingent (free) Reinforcement
Decreasing a reinforced BEH by making the reinforcer freely available
49
Ockham's Razor
The idea that explanations should make the fewest possible assumptions
50
Operant conditioning
Learning of BEh patterns via contingencies
51
Overcorrection
Positive punishment by the repetition of appropriate BEH after the occurence of an unwanted BEH
52
Parent management training
A strategy for teaching parents ot use appropriate contingency management with children
53
Penalty
* negative punishment
* a contingency
* subtracts something (wanted) fromt he client's experince, thus decreasing the liklihood that a BEH will occur again
54
Performance Decifict
* skill deficit
* person knows the appropriate skill, but is inhibited from enacting the skill due to one or more factors
55
Positive Punishment
vs.
Positive Reinforcement
* both contingencies
* + Punisher
* adds something (unwanted) to the client's experience, thus _decreasing_ the likelihood tha the BEH will occur again
* + Reinforcement
* adds something (unwanted) to the client's experience, thus _increasing_ the likelihood tha the BEH will occur again
56
Premack Principle
Reinforcement of a low-frequency BEH by using a high-frequency BEH as a contingency
57
Steps to Prepare for Contingency Management
1. Pick your target
2. Know the base rate
3. Functional analysis
4. Pick your contingencies
5. Get comprehensive buy-in
58
Problem Solving
| (5)
* address probs w/ a positive orientation
* define the prob & attemtp to understand cause
* generate possible solutions to prob
* deciding on a solution
* determine if solution was effective
59
Prompt-praise-ignore plan
A contignency management plan that relies on BEH prompting, praise as a reinfrocer, and ignoring as a negative punisher or extinction
60
Psychoedu (3)
* way of educating client about their disorder
* conceptualization of disorder
* treatment of disorder through dialogue
61
Punishers
* Contingency
* decreases likelihood that a BEH will occur again
62
Reliable Change
The extent to which change on an outcome measure can be interpreted as "real," rather than radnom flucntion
63
Resistance
Client BEH that maintain the status quo and impede progress in therapy
64
Response Cost
Negative punishment by giving up something desirable following an occurance of an unwanted BEH
65
Satiation
Providing so much of a reinforcer that it loses its reinforcement value
66
Self-Contol
Self-directed operant intervention that involves modifying antecedentnts and consequences of one's own BEH
67
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Behaving in manner that affects subsequent evets, such that one's beliefs seem to be confirmed
68
Self-Monitoring
The process of actively tracking and recording a taret of treatment outside of the session
69
Shaping
Helping the client develop a new BEH by reinforcing successive approximation to the BEH
70
Situation Selection
Entering or avoiding certain situations in order to alter emotional and BEH response
71
Socratic Questioning
A way of helping the client arrive at the conclusion by asking carefully worded questions
72
Stage of Change
The client's level of readiness, at any given moemnt, to make a BEH change
73
Stimulation Control
Altering the environment in order to increase or decrease the likelihood of a BEH response
74
Successive approximations
BEH that more and more closely resemble the desired BEH that is being shaped
75
Task analysis
Identification of the smaller BEH that must be performed to make up the larger BEH
76
Therapy Assesmsment
A clinical assessment with the specific aims of determining suitability for therapy, understanding the factors that increase or decrease the client's chances for success, and beginning to develop a model of illness or presenting problem
77
Therapy-interfering Behaviours
BEH that are likely, if felt uncorrected, to reduce the efficacy of treatment
78
Time Out
Negative punishment by temporary removal from potential reinforcers
79
Token Economy
A contingency management system in which clients earn token reinforcers that can later be cashed in for tangible reinforcers, activities, or priviledges
80
Forms of Exposure
* In vivo
* imaginal
* exposure to thoughts
* exposure to feeling
81
What type of items should not be included in an exposure hierarchy?
* Feared consequence
* doesn't provide client with a clear exercise
* NOT: the plane will crash,
BUT: fly in turbulent weather in a small plane
* Vague items
* need clear and concrete insturctions
* NOT: touch dirty things,
BUT: touch a public toilet seat
82
4 safety behaviour categories
1. Distraction
2. Increasing a sense of safety
3. Relaxing and feeling better
4. Bringing things to people
83
Between-session habituation
Degree to which fear decreases form one expsoure Tx to the next
\*more predictive than within-session habituation
84
Emotional Processing
Development of new ays of processing info and correcting faulty representations of fear in LT memory
85
Exposure hierarchy
List of exposure activities ot be performed and ranked according to fear
86
Exposure to emotions and physiological sensations
Exposure to avoided emotional states or physical sensations
87
Exposure to thoughts
Exposure to avoided thoughts, images, or memoris
88
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Decrease of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus is presented in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus
89
Fear level
Nmeric rating of predicted fear twd each expsoure activity
90
Flooding
Exposure that begins with the most challenging exercise
91
Habituation
Decreased responding to repeated presentaitons of a stimulus
92
Imaginal exposure
Vividly imagining feared objects, situations, or activities
93
In vivo exposure
Expsoure to real-life objects, situations, or activities
94
Inhibitory learning
When one learned association interferes with or inhibits another
95
Safety behaviours
BEH aadaptioans that serve an avoidance Fx
96
Self-efficacy
One's belief or confidence in one's ability to complete a task
97
Virtual reality exposure therapy
Imaginal exposure that uses virtual reality technology
98
Assertion
A class of BEh that includes makign requests of others, refusing unreasonable requests, and communicating strong opinions and feelings
99
Behavioural training skills
Teaching and practicing behavioural skills needed to engage effectively with the environment
100
3 social skills categories
* content of speech --- what is being said
* paralinguistic features of speech --- how things are being said
* nonverbal behavious
* proxemics, kinesics, eye contact, facial expression
101
7 steps of social skills training
1. assessment
- ID deficits based on observations, self-rep, 3rd party
2. direct instruction/coaching
- explain rationale for desired BEH and suggest how to enact it
3. modeling
- perform BEH for client; can be video
4. role play
5. feedback
- immediately following role play; call attn to S/W
6. homework
- perform skill in real world
7. follow-up
102
5 steps to defining problem solving
1. adopting a positive prob orientation
2. defining the problem and attempting to understand it's cause
3. generating possible solutions
4. deciding on a solution
5. implement solution and determine if it was effective
103
Process of problem-solving training
1. frame probs in living as part of normal life
2. help client understand how his/her prob-solving ability has been compromised
3. discuss and normalize limits of the human brain
4. challenge maladaptive beliefs
5. train basic strategy of emoreg under stress (stop, slow down, think, act)
104
Process of defining a problem
1. gather info about problem
2. define prob objectively and concisley
3. separate facts from assumptions
4. identify what makes this situaiton a prob
5. set realistic goals
