CASE LAW

Question 1

CAMERON V R

Answer 1

RECKLESSNESS
Recognises there’s a real possibility that
their actions would bring about the prescribed result and/or
that the proscribed circumstances existed and
those actions were unreasonable.

Any reasonable person would see it was unreasonable

Cameron = dumb = reckless

Question 2

R V COLLISTER

Answer 2

INTENT
Intent involves a deliberate act to get a specific result.

The necessary intent is inferred from the circumstances

Collister = circumstances

Question 3

R V TAISALIKA

Answer 3

INTENT

The nature of the blow and the gash it produced point strongly to the presence of the necessary intent.

Question 4

R V TIPPLE

Answer 4

RECKLESSNESS

Conscious and Deliberate taking of an unjustified risk

Question 5

R V WATERS

Answer 5

WOUNDS
The breaking of the skin evidenced by the flow of blood.
May be internal or external.

Waters = flowing = blood

Question 6

R V MCARTHUR

Answer 6

BODILY HARM
Includes any hurt or injury that interferes with health or comfort.
Need not be permanent, but must be more than transitory and trifling

Mcarthur = mcbody

Question 7

DPP V SMITH

Answer 7

GRIEVOUS BODILY HARM

Harm that is really serious

Question 8

R V TIHI

Answer 8

INTENT - AGGRAVATED
Prosecution must satisfy a two-fold test for the intent;
1) Intent to facilitate the commission of an imprisonable offence AND
2) Intent to cause the specified harm, or reckless as to the risk

Tihi = tee hee = tee pee = two in tents

Question 9

R V STURM (x2)

Answer 9

1. Not necessary to prove intended crime was committed

2. STUPEFY - Interferes on the the persons mental ability to fight back / stop the offence

Question 10

R V WATI

Answer 10

OFFENCE COMMITTED
There must be proof of the commission / attempted commission of a crime either
- by the person committing the crime or
- by the persons whose arrest or flight he intends to avoid / facilitate

Wati = whaaat you committed an offence

Question 11

R V CROSSAN (Serious Assaults)

Answer 11

INCAPABLE OF RESISTANCE
Includes Powerlessness of the will
as well as
Physical incapacity

Crossan = X = two offences

Question 12

R V MISIC

Answer 12

DOCUMENT
A thing which provides 
 - evidence or
 - information or
 - serves as a record

Misic = music = CD = document

Question 13

HAYES v R (x3)

Answer 13

PECUNIARY ADVANTAGE
Anything that enhances their financial position

VALUABLE CONSIDERATION
Anything capable of being valuable consideration,
in short money or moneys worth.

ATTEMPTS TO USE
An unsuccessful use of a document is as much use as a successful one.

Question 14

R V MORELY (Deception)

Answer 14

INTENT TO DECEIVE

Purposeful intent is necessary and must exist at the time of the deception

Question 15

R V COX (Possession)

Answer 15

POSSESSION
Involves two elements
- Actual and Physical control/custody of the item and
- The Knowledge or Awareness they possess the item

Question 16

R V ARCHER

Answer 16

ARSON DAMAGE
Property may be damaged if it suffers permanent or temporary harm, or permanent or temporary impairment of it’s use or value.

Archer = fire archer = damages

Question 17

R V MORELY (Arson)

Answer 17

CAUSE LOSS
Loss is assessed by the extent to which the complainants position prior to the ‘offence’ has been diminished or impaired.

Can only arise from direct loss.
Indirect losses (including future profits) are not included

Morely = more loss = losses

Question 18

R V CROSSAN (Abduction/Kidnapping)

Answer 18

TAKEN AWAY v DETAIN
Taking away and detaining are two separate and distinct offences.
The first consists of taking (the victim) away; the second of detaining her.

Crossan = X = two offences

Question 19

R V WELLARD

Answer 19

TAKEN AWAY
Kidnapping is the deprivation of liberty coupled with a carrying away from the place where the victim wants to be.

Wellard = well away = taken away

Question 20

R V PRYCE

Answer 20

DETAINS
Detaining is an active concept meaning to “keep in confinement or custody”.

Does not include the passive concept of “harbouring” or mere failure to hand over.

Question 21

R V COX (Abduction/Kidnapping)

Answer 21

CONSENT

Consent must be “full, voluntary, free and informed” by a person in a position able to form rational judgment.

Question 22

R V MOHI

Answer 22

INTENT IN ABDUCTION
The offence is committed when the necessary intent was there at the time they are taken away.
It is not necessary to prove that the intent was carried out.

Question 23

R V FORREST & FORREST

Answer 23

PROOF OF AGE
The best evidence possible in the circumstances should be adduced by the prosecution in proof of (the victims) age.

Adduced = adding proof in support of an argument

Question 24

R V SKIVINGTON

Answer 24

CLAIM OF RIGHT AS A DEFENCE TO ROBBERY
Theft is an element of robbery, and if an offender has an honest belief that they have a claim of right, then it negates one of the elements in the offence of robbery.
Without proof of which the offence is not made out.

Question 25

R V LAPIER

Answer 25

TAKING | Robbery is complete the instant the property is taken, even if possession by the thief is only momentarily.

Question 26

R V PEAT

Answer 26

TAKING Immediate return of the goods does not negate the offence, subject to the necessary intent existing at the time of the taking.

Question 27

R V MAIHI

Answer 27

ACCOMPANIED BY There must be a nexus (connection or link) between the act of stealing and a threat of violence. Both must be present but are not required to be contemporaneous.

Question 28

PENEHA v POLICE

Answer 28

VIOLENCE The actions of the offender forcibly interfere with the victims personal freedom, tending to cause bodily injury or discomfort.

Question 29

R V BROUGHTON

Answer 29

THREATS OF VIOLENCE The manifestation of an intention to inflict violence unless the money or property is handed over. The threat may be direct or veiled. It may be conveyed by words, or conduct, or a combination of both. It is the conduct of the offender that is to be assessed, rather than the strength of nerves of the person threatened.

Question 30

R V JOYCE

Answer 30

TOGETHER WITH | At least two person's were physically present at the time the robbery was complete or the assault occurred.

Question 31

R V GALEY

Answer 31

TOGETHER WITH | Two or more persons having the common intention to use their combined force, directly in the perpetration of the crime.

Question 32

R V BENTHAM

Answer 32

APPEARING TO BE A WEAPON What is possessed, must under the definition, be a thing. A person's hand or fingers are not a thing. Bentham = Benthand = hand and fingers

Question 33

R V MAKO

Answer 33

ROBBERY SENTENCING | Mako = shark = Sharks don't care about age

Question 34

R V KOROHEKE | x 2

Answer 34

GENITALIA The genitalia comprise the reproductive organs, interior and exterior... they include the vulva and the labia, both interior and exterior, at the opening of the vagina. CONSENT It is important to distinguish between consent that is freely given and submission by a women to what she may regard as unwanted but unavoidable.

Question 35

R V GUTUAMA

Answer 35

CONSENT Under the objective test the Crown must prove that no reasonable person in the accused's shoes could have thought that the complainant was consenting.

Question 36

R V LEESON

Answer 36

INDECENT ASSAULT | The definition of indecent assault is an assault accompanied with circumstances of indecency

Question 37

R V DUNN

Answer 37

INDECENCY Indecency must be judged in the light of the time, place and circumstances. It must be something more than trifling and be sufficient to warrant the sanction of the law.

Question 38

COX V R

Answer 38

CONSENT OF A CHILD No reasonable adult would have grounds for believing that a ten or eleven year old girl has the experience or maturity to understand the nature and significance of the act.

Question 39

SAXTON V POLICE

Answer 39

IMPORTS | Includes to bring in from abroad or to cause to be brought in from a foreign country

Question 40

R V HANCOX

Answer 40

IMPORTS Importation involves active conduct. It does not cease as the aircraft or vessel enters NZ territorial limits. The process exists from the time the goods enter NZ until they reach their immediate destination or have ceased to be under the control of the appropriate authorities.

Question 41

R V STRAWBRIDGE

Answer 41

GUILTY KNOWLEDGE It is not necessary to establish knowledge on the part of the accused. In the absence of evidence to the contrary knowledge on their part will be presumed, except if there is some evidence that the accused honestly believed on reasonable grounds the act was innocent.

Question 42

POLICE V EMERALI

Answer 42

USABLE QUANTITY | The serious offence of possessing a narcotic does not extend to some minute and useless residue of the substance.

Question 43

R V RUA

Answer 43

PRODUCE / MANUFACTURE The words Produce and Manufacture broadly cover the creation of controlled drugs by some form of process which changes the original substances into a particular controlled drug.

Question 44

R V DONALD

Answer 44

SUPPLY | Supply includes the distribution of jointly owed property between it's co-owners

Question 45

R V KNOX

Answer 45

INTENT TO SUPPLY A person who is in unlawful possession of a controlled drug, which has been deposited for safekeeping, has the intent to supply that drug to another if his intention is to return the drug to the person who deposited it with him.

Question 46

R V DURING

Answer 46

OFFER TO SUPPLY An intimation by the person charged to another that he is ready on request to supply to that other, drugs of a kind prohibited by the statute.

Question 47

R V BROWN

Answer 47

OFFER TO SUPPLY Offer to supply a controlled drug can arise in a number of ways, including where the defendant; 1. offers to supply a drug they have on hand 2. offers to supply a drug that will be procured at some future date 3. offers to supply a drug that they mistakenly believe they can supply 4. offers to supply a drug deceitfully, knowing they will not supply the drug.