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Sem 1: Parasite and pathogen ecology > Case studies > Flashcards

Case studies Flashcards

1
Q

What is an example of a fungus parasite?

A

Ophiocordyceps unilaterais - Zombie ant fungus

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2
Q

What is the life cycle of Ophiocordyceps unilaterais?

A

Infection - spores land on the ant and excrete an enzyme that cuts through the exterior shell
Fungal cell population grows beside the ants brain and secretes an array of metabolites which takes over CNS
Biting - After 2 days the ant climbs to a spot with optimal temperature and humidity on a stalk or the bottom of a leaf and bites into the middle vein then dies caused by secretes metabolites
Growth - the fungus consumes the ants internal organs the stroma erupts from the head of the ant
Dispersal - spores emitted from the stroma, float down and infect new ants

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3
Q

What is an example of a nematode parasite?

A

Drucunculis medinensis – Guinea Worm

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4
Q

What is the lifecycle of the nematode Drucunculis medinensis?

A

Person drinks water with copepods infected with L3 larvae
The larvae are released when copepods die, they then penetrate the hosts stomach and intestinal wall which they then mature and reproduce
A fertilised female worm migrates to the skins surface causing a blister and discharges larvae
Larvae released unto water by emerging female worm, typically 1 year after initial infection
The larvae are consumed by copepods. which then undergoes 2 molts to become L3 larvae

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5
Q

What is an example of a cestode parasite?

A

Tape worms

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6
Q

What is the lifecycle of cestode, tapeworm?

A

Eggs are passed in feces
They are eaten by an athropod
Oncospheres hatch and penetrate the intestinal wall
Cysteicerci in body cavity of insects ingetsed by rodent or human
Adults then live in the small intestine where they reproduce and release eggs which pooed out

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7
Q

What is an example of a rotifer parasite?

A

Acanthocephalan

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8
Q

What is the lifecycle of acanthicephalan?

A

Female releases eggs which when fertalized seek to be ingested by an intermidiate host
They pierce the haemocoel and become encysted
Once intermediate is eaten by the desired final host they mature
No digestive tract, nutrients are absorbed through the skin

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9
Q

What is an example of a ciliate that is a parasite?

A

Lambornella clarki

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10
Q

What is lambornella clarki’s (ciliate) relationship with parasitism?

A

They are facultative parasite though often found free-living form
In response to water born substances produced by predatory mosquitos the Lambornella clarki form parasitic theronts, these attach and then penetrate the mosquitos cuticle.

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11
Q

What is an example of a virus pathogen in animals?

A

Myxoma virus

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12
Q

What is the overview of the Myxoma virus when introduced to European rabbits in Australia?

A

Introduced to Australia (1950)
Spread by fleas, mosquitos and man
Causes localised skin tumours
Kills 99.8% rabbits but soon dropped off

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13
Q

What us an example of a protozoan parasite from cattle?

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

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14
Q

What is the lifecycle of cryptosporidium parvum?

A

1 - Sporulated oocysts are excreted by in the faeces of an infected host
2 - Contaminated water (drinking or recreational) or food (e.g raw milk) are ingested
3 - If host is suitable, excystation occurs where the sporozoites are released and they invade the epithelial cells (usually of intestines and multiply before being excreted and the cycle continued

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15
Q

What is an example of a protozoan parasite from a vector?

A

Trypanosoma brucei gamibense – trypanosomiasis

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16
Q

What is the life cycle of trypanosomiasis?

A

Infected tsetse fly bites a person/animal and injects trypomastigotes which travel to lymphatic system and blood stream
Inside the host the trypomastigotes change form and travel throughout body
Protozoa multiple in the blood and body fluids and circulate the body
Protozoa get taken in my tsetse fly blood meal
Multiply in midgut
Transform into epimasgotes and multiply in salivary glands

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17
Q

What is an example of bacteria pathogen?

A

Yersina pestis

18
Q

What is the lifecycle of Yersina pestis?

A

Domestic rodent is bitten by infected flea which then may go on to bite another rat. Then a flea may go from rat to person
Sylvatic cycle in wild animals

19
Q

What is an example of protozoan parasite in house cats?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

20
Q

What is the lifecycle of Toxoplasma gondii?

A

In bird and rats, toxoplasma lives as tissue cysts then the bird or rat is eaten by a cat. This then gets poo’d out and then reconsumed by bird or rat. This can enter humans.

21
Q

What is an example of a barnacle parasite?

A

Sacculina

22
Q

How did Sacculina (barnacles) impact fecundity of host crabs?

A

They fully infect crab nerve system. Feminise male crabs and both male and female form brood pouch. They behave like female crabs would do with their own brood and wave their claws in front dispersing parasite eggs

23
Q

What is an example of a tremaode parasite in snails?

A

Leucochloridium paradoxum

24
Q

What is an example of a bacterial parasite?

A

Wolbachia

25
Q

How does Wolbachia impact host populations?

A

Kill or feminise males in the embryonic stages or induce thelytokous parthenogenesis where virgin females produce daughters
Altering sex rations favouring females

26
Q

How can humans use wolbachia?

A

Use Wolbachia to control dengue fever by using their ability to disrupt population gender demographics to control mosquito populations. When Wolbachia got to 80% frequency population of mosquito collapsed

27
Q

What is an example of a parasitoid?

A

Dinocampus coccinellae (parasitoid wasp)

28
Q

What does Dinocampus coccinellae parasitise?

A

When wasps cocoon after emerging form ladybirds, the alive lady birds shelters overthem, this increases egg surivival but decreases fecundity

29
Q

What is Lymphatic filariasis?

A

NTD caused by 3 species by Nematodes

30
Q

What transmission for the NTD Lymphatic filariasis?

A

Mosquitoes (multiple species)

31
Q

What are examples of kleptoparasitism?

A

Rove beetles and parasitic jaegers which steal food from their host prey items

32
Q

What are examples of brood parasitism?

A

Cuckoos and Synodontis multipunctatus (catfish) (parasite to mouthbrooding fish, hatches and eats young of other species)

33
Q

What are examples of social parasitism?

A

Slave-raiding ant- Polygerus mexicanus and its host, the silver field ant Formica argentea
Phengaris alcon butterfly with mymrica host

34
Q

What is an example of sexual parasitism?

A

The relationship between male and female angerfish

35
Q

How do Cuckoos use mimicry to infiltrate the hosts nest?

A

Cuckoos mimic predators
Genetically distinct cuckoos populations specialise on different host to keep pace with host defence evolution

36
Q

What was the behaviour of cowbird impacting nest predation?

A

Cowbird prescence causes an increase in nest destruction
Cowbirds are most likely to destroy nest if eggs were rejected
Cowbirds may destroy nests for additional reasons

37
Q

What was the behaviour of cowbird impacting Warbler offspring number?

A

Warblers rear more offspring in abscnece of cowbirds
Warblers rear more offspring when cowbird eggs were not rejected

38
Q

What is an example Wasmannian mimicry?

A

Host biochemistry
Size and morphology
Behaviour

39
Q

What is an example of Batesian mimicry?

A

Hoverfly having striping of bee and wasp

40
Q

How do parasitic Maculinea rebeli (Mountain Alcon Blue) exploit ant sound commication?

A

They make the destinctive sounds that are made by the queen ants of Myrmica schencki (host ant)

Sem 1: Parasite and pathogen ecology (11 decks)

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