Week 7 Flashcards
(44 cards)
What are emerging infectious diseases?
Diseases which are being found in new areas, new species or new populations
What are re-emerging infectious diseases?
Those being re-discovered in an area or species
What percentage of emerging diseases are zoonotic?
75%
What percentage of all human diseases are zoonotic?
60%
What are the 4 main emerging infectious disease charcteristics?
Pathogen type
Transmission type
Drug resistance
Transmission mode
What is the main trend for pathogen type 1940 to 2000?
Overal increase (drop from 80s compared to 90s)
Bacteria or rickettsiae have increase the most and are the largest group
Viruses or prions always second largest group
What is the main trend for transmission origin 1940 to 2000?
Zoonotic - wildlife always largest expect in 80s when non-zoonotic took over
Zoonotic - nonwildlife always the largest
What is the main trend for drug resistance 1940 to 2000?
Overal increase in EID
Overal larger percentage increase in reistant EIDs
Both had a decrease in the 90s
What is the main trend for transmission mode 1940 to 2000?
Non vector born always been the largest group
Vector born increased in the 90s even though overall EIDs decreased
Where do most Zoonotic pathogens come from?
Places where biodiveristy is greatest
Europe is slighly odd just lot of explorers and scientists
Where do most zoonotic from non-wildlife come from?
Contact with lifestock
Where do most drug resistance pathogens come from?
Major farm areas and areas with higher populations
Greater antibiotic use
Where do most vector born pathogens come from?
Warm, populated areas particually along rivers
What is driving the increase in EIDs?
Anthropogenic and demographic changes
When was agriculture invented and how did that increase crowd infections?
Around 10,000 years ago
Led to denser populations and settlements and closer contact with live stock
Led to surge in ‘crowd infections’
When did measles emerge?
Around 7,000 years ago likely emerge form rindepest of cattle
Become exclusively human pathegon when human population density
When did smallpox first emerge?
Around 4,000 years ago, likely form camelpox (closest phylogenetic relative)
When did diseases start to spread through long distance trade?
Around 1,500 years ago
Large eurasian empires become commercial and start to have more global influence
What was the Plague of Athens happen?
430 BC likely caused by typhus due to the peloponnesian war
What was the plague of Justinian?
541 to 549 believed to be from Yersinia pestis
What are common factors in all these pathogen outbreaks?
Role of vectors, extended travel, non-human stowaways and contact with native populations
Why did diseases become more global starting around 500 years ago?
Human travel increases and the world gets smaller
Travel expands geographically, exploration goes global bringing colonisation
How did pathogens get a major spread due to european colonisation?
Outbreaks of pathogens like smallpox, syphilis, tuberculosis and measles travelled with European crews to remote oceanic islands and the New world exposing immunologically naive populations
What factors in present day which is causing an increase in global infections?
Urbanisation and globalisation (Quick travel with more densely populated areas)
Changing agriculture, global travel, transport hubs
