Case studies Flashcards by Sofie Tag

Name 2 tropical cyclone case studies

Developed: hurricane Katrina, in the USA
Developing: cyclone nargis, in Myanmar

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What were the impacts of hurricane Katrina

Social:
-more than … people killed
-….k houses destroyed
-… of thousands made …
-large … were …, …% New Orleans
-… million left without e…
-… were damages, some bridges …

Economic:
-cost of around … billion dollars
-oil … and pipelines …
-…k jobs were lost

Environmental:
-costal …, like sea turtle … beaches were damaged
-some costal … areas destroyed
-flooding damaged oil …, causing oil …

Social:
-more than 1800 people killed
-300k houses destroyed
-hundreds of thousands made homeless
-large areas were flooded, 80% New Orleans
-3 million left without electricity
-roads were damages, some bridges collapsed

Economic:
-cost of around 150 billion dollars
-oil wells and pipelines damages
-230k jobs were lost

Environmental:
-costal habitats, like seat turtle breading beaches were damages
-some costal conservation areas destroyed
-flooding damaged oil refineries, causing oil spill

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Responses to hurricane Katrina

Individuals:
-70-…% of New … residents were … before the … reached …
-some people did … leave their …
-people … to help r… effort in their …
-they distributed … and helped … homes

Organisations:
-… like the Red … and … organisations collected d… and provided … and hot … for millions
-volunteers from r… networks provided emergency … systems in places where communication … was …

Governments:
-… and Louisiana declared states of … and set up control …, … centre and … supplies
-the …, police, … service and army rescued over …k people
-US … provided over $… billion for …
-the US … recommended that buildings are rebuilt on … or not rebuilt at all on … lying areas
-in … flood defences were … and improved costing $…billion

Individuals:
-70-80% of New Orleans residents were evacuated before the hurricane reached land
-some people did not leave their homes
-people volunteered to help relief effort in their neighbourhood
-they distributed food and helped rebuild homes

Organisations:
-charities like the Red Cross and religious organisations collected donations and provided aid and hot meals for millions
-volunteers from radio networks provided emergency communication systems in places where communication infrastructure was destroyed

Governments:
-Mississippi and Louisiana declared states of emergency and set up control centres, emergency centre and stockpiled supplies
-the coastguard, police, fire service and army rescued over 50k people
-US Gov provided over $16 billion for rebuilding
-the US army recommended that buildings are rebuilt on stilts or not rebuilt at all on low lying areas
-in 2013 flood defences were repaired and improved costing $14.5 billion

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Individual responses of hurricane Katrina

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Responses from organisations in hurricane Katrina

Organisations:
-… like the Red … and … organisations collected … and provided aid and hot … for millions
-volunteers from … networks provided emergency … systems in places where communication … was …

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Responses from governments in hurricane Katrina

Governments:
-… and Louisiana declared states of … and set up control …, … centre and … supplies
-the …, police, … service and … rescued over …k people
-US … provided over $… billion for …
-the US … recommended that … are rebuilt on … or not rebuilt at all on … lying areas
-in … flood … were repaired and … costing $…billion

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Social impacts of hurricane Katrina

Social:
-more than … people killed
-…k houses destroyed
-… of thousands made h…
-large … were flooded, …% New Orleans
-… million left without …
-… were damaged, some … collapsed

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Economic impacts of hurricane Katrina

Economic:
-cost of around … billion dollars
-… wells and p… damages
-…k jobs were lost

Economic:
-cost of around 150 billion dollars
-oil wells and pipelines damages
-230k jobs were lost

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Environmental impacts of hurricane katrina

Environmental:
-costal …, like … turtle breading … were damaged
-some costal … areas were d…
-… damaged … refineries, causing oil …

Environmental:
-costal habitats, like sea turtle breading beaches were damages
-some costal conservation areas destroyed
-flooding damaged oil refineries, causing oil spill

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Impacts of cyclone nargis

Environmental:
-the … Delta in … was the hardest hit area
—>…km2 of land was flooded
-…k hectares of … forests were …
-the flooding caused e… and … (increased … content) of land

Social impacts:
-…k people killed
-…k houses destroyed and …k damaged
-people suffered from … from poor … conditions and … water

Economic impacts:
-…% of rice … in … delta were damaged
—>leading to a loss of …
-fishing … eg ponds, … etc were …, damaging … fishing …
—>important sources of … and …
-caused over $…billion of damage

Environmental:
-the Irrawaddy Delta in Myanmar was the hardest hit area
—>14km2 of land was flooded
-38k hectares of mangrove forests were destroyed
-the flooding caused erosion and salination (increased salt content) of land

Social impacts:
-140k people killed
-450k houses destroyed and 350k damaged
-people suffered from disease from poor sanitary conditions and contaminated water

Economic impacts:
-65% of rice paddies in Irrawaddy delta were damaged
—>leading to a loss of livelihood
-fishing infrastructure eg ponds, boats etc were destroyed, damaging local fishing industries
—>important sources of income and food
-caused over $4billion of damage

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Environment impacts of cyclone nargis

Environmental:
-the I… Delta in … was the … hit area
—>…km2 of land was …
-…k hectares of m… forests were …
-the flooding caused erosion and s… (increased … content) of land

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Social impacts of cyclone nargis

Social impacts:
-…k people killed
-…k houses destroyed and …k damaged
-people suffered from … from poor … conditions and … water

Social impacts:
-140k people killed
-450k houses destroyed and 350k damaged
-people suffered from disease from poor sanitary conditions and contaminated water

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Economic impacts of cyclone nargis

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Responses to cyclone nargis

Individuals
-… issued on … and radio
—>didn’t reach people in … rural …
—>… people were …
-people left to cope and … houses, boats and … by …

Organisations:
-United … raised $…million to provide … food, ..
and medical s…
-the World … programme distributed over …k tonnes of …
—>they were still … assistance … year later

Governments:
-the … Gov spent money on … resources rather than … plans
—>so it was unable to respond … or …
-the Gov initially … to accept … aid and wouldn’t allow aid … to enter the …
-some … sent was … by … which … its delivery
-the delays … the number of …

Individuals
-warnings issued on tv and radio
—>didn’t reach people in poor rural communities
—>more people were killed
-people left to cope and rebuild houses, boats and farms by themselves

Organisations:
-United Nations raised $315million to provide emergency food, shelter and medical staff
-the World Food programme distributed over 70k tonnes of food
—>they were still providing assistance 1 year later

Governments:
-the Myanmar Gov spent money on military resources rather than evacuation plans
—>so it was unable to respond quickly or effectively
-the Gov initially refused to accept foreign aid and wouldn’t allow aid workers to enter the country
-some aid sent was seized by military which delayed its delivery
-the delays increased the number of deaths

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Responses from individuals in cyclone nargis

Individuals
-… issued on … and radio
—>didn’t … people in … rural …
—>more people were …
-people left to cope and … houses, boats and … by …

Individuals
-warnings issued on tv and radio
—>didn’t reach people in poor rural communities
—>more people were killed
-people left to cope and rebuild houses, boats and farms by themselves

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Responses from governments to cyclone nargis

Governments:
-the … Gov spent money on … resources rather than … plans
—>so it was unable to respond … or …
-the Gov initially … to accept … aid and wouldn’t allow aid … to enter the …
-some aid sent was … by … which … its delivery
-the delays … the number of …

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Responses from organisations to cyclone nargis

Organisations:
-United … raised $…million to provide … food, … and medical s…
-the World … programme … over …k tonnes of …
—>they were still … assistance … year later

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Name 2 drought case studies

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Developed: Australia
Developing: Ethiopia

Impacts of the drought on people in Australia

People:
-water … in … and rivers … so water … ran …
-the largest … were on …:
—crop … fell, this … food …
—… died, … million … died
—farmers … fell, …k farmers lost their …
-… storms caused by … affected … Australia and some … cities
-the drought increased … with over ….,000km2 of land …, hundreds of … were destroyed and … people died

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People:
-water levels in lakes and rivers fell so water supplies ran low
-the largest impacts were on farming:
—crop yields fell, this increased food prices
—livestock died, 8million sheep died
—farmers incomes fell, 100k farmers lost their job
-dust storms caused by drought affected inland Australia and some costal cities
-the drought increased wildfires with over 30,000km2 of land burned, hundreds of houses were destroyed and 8 people died

How long did the drought in Australia last

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2001-2009, 8years

Impact of drought on the ecosystems in australia

-caused … loss, … erosion, and … and lakes suffered from … of toxic …
-r… and m… … up and water … rose
—> caused … and animals to … and … to …
-… destroyed … which take … to …

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-caused vegetation loss, soil erosion, and rivers and lakes suffered from outbreaks of toxic algae
-river and marshlands dried up and water temperatures rose
—> caused plant and animals to die and populations to decrease
-wildfires destroyed habitats which take decades to recover

Individual responses to drought in Australia

-people used …-saving measures like water efficient … and re-… grey …,
—>eg watering … with dishwater
-… used …-saving techniques such as … irrigation
—>delivers water … too … preventing water loss through …
-some people in … areas took on other … so they wouldn’t be … on …

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-people used water-saving measures like water efficient showers and re-using grey water,
—>eg watering plants with dishwater
-farmers used water-saving techniques such as drip irrigation
—>delivers water directly too roots preventing water loss through evaporation
-some people in rural areas took on other jobs so they wouldn’t be reliant on farming

Organisation responses to drought in australia

-schools and … organisations ran … encouraging people to … water use
-the …, and Australian … institute, teamed up with … to breed new …-tolerant … of wheat

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-schools and media organisations ran campaigns encouraging people to reduce water use
-the CSIRO, and Australian research institute, teamed up with businesses to breed new drought-tolerant varieties of wheat

Government responses to drought in Australia

-water … measures were …
-cities like … built … plants to turn sea … into … water
-the … provided more than …k rural … and ….00 small … with income …
-the Gov … in improving … to help farmers … for …

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-water conservation measures were introduced
-cities like Sydney built desalination plants to turn sea water into drinking water
-the Gov provided more than 23k rural families and 1500 small businesses with income support
-the Gov invested in improving forecasting to help farmers prepare for drought

Impact of drought in Ethiopia on people -…% of people in Ethiopia depend on … as their main … -without rain, … didn’t … and farmers lost 50-…% of … -there was a lack of … (grass) for … to graze on —>so … production … down —>… million … died in a … -many lost their … in farming and had to move to … to find … -the … of food and … caused … food … and m… —>…k people were at risk of … -in 2017, …million people needed … assistance to meet basic … needs

-85% of people in Ethiopia depend on agriculture as their main livelihood -without rain crops didn’t grow and farmers lost 50-90% of crops -there was a lack of pasture (grass) for livestock to graze on —>so milk production slowed down —>2 million animals died in a year -many lost their jobs in farming and had to move to cities to find employment -the lack of food and employment caused widespread food insecurity and malnutrition —>70k people were at risk of starvation -in 2017, 7.8million people needed emergency assistance to meet basic food needs

Impacts of drought in Ethiopia on ecosystems -water … dried up and … died —>less … and water available for … -loss of … damages important …, threatening … species -… made areas more … to w…, f…, w… e… and d…

-water sources dried up and plant died —>less food and water available for wildlife -loss of vegetation damages important habitats, threatening endangered species -drought made areas more vulnerable to wildfires, flooding, wind erosion and desertification

Gov responses to drought in Ethiopia -the … Gov distributed … from its n… food r… through the … Safety net … —>people work on … building … in return for … or money -helped people who had to … their … providing them with … housing near … of …

-the Ethiopian Gov distributed food from its national food reserve through the Productive Safety net program —>people work on public building projects in return for food or money -helped people who had to leave their homes providing them with permanent housing near sources of water

Individual responses to drought in Ethiopia -people … away from …-affected areas to search for new … -some … switched to growing … crops to a more … crop called …

-people migrates away from drought-affected areas to search for new livelihoods -some farmers switched to growing cereal crops to a more resilient crop called chat

Organisation responses to drought in Ethiopia -… and international … provided h… aid to fund emergency food, … and medicine -the … and Agriculture … (FAO) of the … Nations requested $… million for programmes —>eg. Distributing …, preventing the … of … in crops -the FAO also co-ordinated … to make sure … reached people in the … affected … -the FAO treated … that became ill, and … that would not make it through the … were … safely to prevent the … of …

-charities and international organisations provided humanitarian aid to fund emergency food, water and medicine -the Food and Agriculture organisation (FAO) of the United Nations requested $20 million for programmes —>eg. Distributing seeds, preventing the spread of pests in crops -the FAO also co-ordinated responses to make sure help reached people in the worst affected areas -the FAO treated livestock that became ill, and animals that would not make it through the drought were slaughtered safely to prevent the spread of disease

Rainforests management case study

The Amazon

Management strategies used in the Amazon G…: about the c… of rainforests and … has a say in how they are used -the C… Amazon C… Complex (….) in B… is the largest p… area in the rainforest- ..0,000 km2 —>area has been classified as a … Heritage Site by the … so it is protected by t… —>there are limit of h…, l… and f… -in other areas local communities supported by …’s are involved -N… is an organisation in Colombia that works to p… local r… species -it e… local people to teach others how to protect e… river species and their habitats C… v…: how much different g… and service from rainforests are w… -selective l… involves only f… some trees so the forest is able to r…, —>this can save … in the long term to prevent spending money on … lots of … -i… agreements try to reduce illegal l… and promote wood from s… managed forests -Precious W… Amazon is a logging company in B… that places limits in the number of … that can be … down, so the forest can r… E…: tourism that minimises … to the environment and benefits … -Y… Lodge is an ecotourism project in Ecuador where locals rely on s… farming to provide a living -The project employs … giving them a reliable … and better quality of … -tourists visit in … groups so harm is m… -they take part in activities that raise … of conservation i… -tourists … an entrance … which brings in more money for rainforest c… —>money in i… in e… projects to promote conservation

Governance: about the control of rainforests and how has a say in how they are used -the Central Amazon Conservation Complex (CACC) in Brazil is the largest protected area in the rainforest- 60,000 km2 —>area has been classified as a World Heritage Site by the UN so it is protected by treaties —>there are limit of hunting, logging and fishing -in other areas local communities supported by NGO’s are involved -Natutama is an organisation in Colombia that works to protect local river species -it employs local people to teach others how to protect endangered river species and their habitats Commodity value: how much different goods and service from rainforests are worth -selective logging involves only felling some trees so the forest is able to regenerate, —>this can save money in the long term to prevent spending money on replanting lots of trees -international agreements try to reduce illegal logging and promote wood from sustainably managed forests -Precious Woods Amazon is a logging company in Brazil that places limits in the number of trees that can be cut down, so the forest can regenerate Ecotourism: tourism that minimises damaged to the environment and benefits locals -Yachana Lodge is an ecotourism project in Ecuador where locals rely on subsistence farming to provide a living The project employs locals giving them a reliable income and better quality of life -tourists visit in small groups so harm is minimal -they take part in activities that raise awareness of conservation issues -tourists pay and entrance fee which brings in more money for rainforest conservation —>money in invested in education projects to promote conservation

Management in the Forest of Dean -of ancient, mainly … woodland in … -it is managed by the F… commission —> a Gov d… -has a long history of e… and management by h… -home to over …k people -mainly used for r… and c…

-of ancient mainly deciduous woodland in Gloucestershire -it is managed by the Forestry commission —> a Gov department -has a long history of exploitation and management by humans -home to over 80k people -mainly used for recreation and conservation

Different groups managing the Forest of Dean C…: -involves … trees at the base above the … -then the tree puts out new s… which can be h… —>this is more s… as the trees can … more quickly -take a lot of t… and e… -a project called New L… is training young people to c… trees to help tackle youth u… O… and e…: -several local and n… organisations joined together in the F…’ Forest programme -Foresters’ F… focuses on raising a… about the w… and encourages people to participate in forest m… -the programme works with local s… to educate people about the f… R…: -is a popular t… destination -there are c… and walking t… in the forest -these stop people d… the forest f… and keep d… activities away from s… habitat

Coppicing: -involves cutting trees at the base above the roots -the the tree puts out new shoots which can be harvested —>this is more sustainable as the trees can cover more quickly -take a lot of time and effort -a project called New Lead is training young people to coppice trees to help tackle youth unemployment Outreach and education: -several local and national organisations joined together in the Foresters’ Forest programme -Foresters’ Forest focuses on raising awareness about the woodlands and encourages people to participate in forest management -the programme works with local schools to educate people about the forest Recreation: -is a popular tourist destination p-there are cycle and walking trails in the forest -these stop people damaging the forest floor and keep disruptive activities away from sensitive habitat

Case studies Flashcards

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