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GCSE Geography OCR > Case Studies > Flashcards

Case Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Kenyas GDP?

A

$1600 per capita

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2
Q

Where is primary industry located in Kenya?

A

North East province: livestock, too dry for crops
Nyanza and Western provinces: farming - tobacco, fruits, tea, coffee
Magadi: Trona mining

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3
Q

Where is secondary industry located in Kenya?

A

Central province: labour supply and transport in Nairobi (textiles and food products)
Coast province: cement works due to nearby limestone deposits

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4
Q

Where is tertiary industry located in Kenya?

A

Coast province: Mombasa, coral reefs

Rift Valley: Lake Turkana, Amboseli national park, Aberdare mountain range, Masai Mara tribes

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5
Q

What are the disadvantages of tourism in Kenya?

A

Leakage of income, drugs and crime, damage to environment and habitats

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6
Q

Describe the distribution of Nike’s factories

A

75% of workforce in Asia, 750 factories, 34 factories in Vietnam

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7
Q

What are the disadvantages of Nike in Vietnam?

A

Poor working conditions
Illegal to unionise in Vietnam + lack of jobs = people don’t speak out
Investment could be transferred to other counties quickly
Concerns over Nike’s political influence because of this
Nikes image may help to undermine Vietnamese culture

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8
Q

What are the advantages of Nike in Vietnam?

A

Good pay
Improves skills
Attracts other MNCs to the country
Regular wage, meals, medical services, training
Sets standards for indigenous companies
Tax helps pay for infrastructure
Positive multiplier effect
Improved working conditions
Pressure groups like Human Rights First have caused the minimum wage to be raised to 17
Policy to promote fair working conditions

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9
Q

Where is primary industry located in the UK?

A

Lincolnshire and East Anglia: flat, fertile land and mild climate
South Wales: heavy industry, coal fields and iron ore

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10
Q

Where is secondary industry located in the UK?

A

North East England: chemical processing, off shore oil rigs

Merseyside: car manufacturers due to government grants (Jaguar Cars at Halewood plant after £50mil grant)

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11
Q

Where is tertiary industry located in the U.K.?

A

Cumbria: Lake District national park, scenery (scafell pike) = tourism
London: retail & tourism due to public transport and easy delivery of goods

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12
Q

Where is quaternary industry located in the U.K.?

A

Cambridge: high tech science parks, educated workforce from uni, M11
M4 corridor: workers from reading, bristol and oxford Unis, motorway is good for communication

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13
Q

What are the problems in Tanzania?

A

80% of people rely on subsistence agriculture, timber products -> soil erosion -> poor soil fertility -> desertification
30-35% of Tanzanians are malnourished
Low farm incomes, valuable households due to owning few assets

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14
Q

How does Goat Aid address the problems in Tanzania?

A

The donated £25 buys a vaccinated goat which provides meat and milk -> less malnutrition -> farmers are more productive. Goat manure = fertiliser -> more crops can be grown -> increased income. Goats are bred and sold -> farming business -> raised standard of living -> children can go to school etc.

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15
Q

Is Goat Aid sustainable?

A

Concerns because they need space and veterinary care, and forests are cleared when grazing
However, the research is extensive and the model is only applied when: the rainfall is above 500mm, the area is densely populated, there is sufficient labour, there are goat feed suppliers nearby and goats milk is culturally acceptable

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16
Q

Why do palm oil plantations harm the environment in Borneo?

A

Deforestation and terracing -> soil erosion, lack of crop rotation -> desertification, delicate ecosystem -> leaching (thin soil) -> desertification, fertilisers -> eutrophication

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17
Q

How do palm oil plantations in Borneo lead to conflicts?

A

Social: Dayak tribe bribed (using materialistic things I.e. Cigarettes) which changes their culture, the gases and smoke disrupt air traffic and cause health problems
Economic: Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia are LEDCs so need money for food, educating children etc and palm oil is economically sustainable due to its product cycle

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18
Q

How can palm oil be made more sustainable?

A

The RSPO is a group of many NGOs and other organisations that work together to make palm oil sustainable. So far they have made 10% of palm oil production comply with their guidelines and they have made important steps forward towards protecting the environment, supporting the social and economic importance of palm oil in the countries it is produced and they involve companies, retailers and producers

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19
Q

Which flood for an LEDC?

A

Bangladesh, 2004

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20
Q

What were the impacts of the Bangladesh flood?

A

Social:
750 people died
Many people injured
30 million people homeless (chars) -> poverty
Economic:
Major infrastructure destroyed -> difficult to respond
100,000 people in Dhaka suffered from diarrhoea due to flood waters
40% of Dhaka underwater
Rice crops destroyed

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21
Q

What were the causes of the Bangladesh flood? (And how was it worsened?)

A

Caused by:
Himalayan snow melt (global warming = increased glacier melt) caused increased surface run off
Deforestation -> less interception -> increased surface run off
River confluence
Annual cyclones and monsoons
Irrigation -> aggregation (sediment build up which reduces carrying capacity) -> increased flooding behind aggregation points
Worsened by:
Global warming
Expansion of Dhaka (concrete - more impermeable surfaces)

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22
Q

How was the Bangladesh flood managed?

A

Short term management mitigated initial impacts - NGOs i.e. Water Aid
UN fundraising appeal didn’t raise money fast enough
Long term sustainable responses: cluster villages, adapting farming techniques (really develop!!)

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23
Q

What were the causes of the Boscastle flood?

A

Confluence of Valency and Jordan
Located at the base of a v-shaped valley so high levels of anti Eden rainfall were funnelled through the town
Saturated ground - precipitation in the month prior, increased surface run off
Human factors:
Deforestation decreased interception
Concrete in the town - impermeable surface
Low bridges - acted like dams by trapping debris

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24
Q

What were the impacts of the boscastle flood?

A

Social:
50 vehicles swept out to sea (also environmental impact)
6 buildings swept away
Electricity water and sewage systems damaged
Loss of possessions - psychological
Economic:
Insurance companies
90% of economy relied on tourism - businesses (shops) were forced to close, tourism lost for the remaining year
Cost of building and infrastructure repairs

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25
What were the responses to the Boscastle flood?
Quick emergency service response -> no deaths, 150 airlifted Long term: 1 in 400 year flood but still £4.6 million defence scheme launched (will be more common due to global warming). It included raising bridges, widening the channel (increase carrying capacity, reduce lag time)
26
What is the structure for the Dorset case study?
Sketch map Discordant coastline explanation/diagram Depositional landforms - Portland tombolo Erosional landforms - Lulworth cove, arch stack stump diagram with labelled old Harry and Durdle door
27
What is the structure of the river Severn case study?
Sketch map (plan), intro (4,409 sq miles) V-shaped valley at Plynlimon Hills- tourism, hydroelectric power (social/economic benefits) Iron bridge gorge and Severn Breaks its neck Helical flow -> meander -> oxbow lakes (Tewkesbury) Flood plains and natural levees (housing shortage) Severn Estuary
28
What is the structure of the north Norfolk case study?
Sketch map with annotated rock types Salthouse - soft engineering, agricultural land, managed retreat -> salt marshes and north Norfolk wildlife trust. Successful (sediment cell and Blakeney point spit) Cromer - hard engineering Happisburgh - managed retreat Sea Palling - advance the line, high scientific land value Conflict: social and environmental land value, ccag, tourism and visual obtrusion Overall managed effectively in comparison to the budget: economic and environmental value was prioritised
29
What were the causes of the Haiti earthquake?
Conservative plate boundary: NA, gonave, Caribbean Near to Port au Prince (15 miles) Magnitude 7
30
What were the effects of the Haiti earthquake and how was is worsened?
220,000 deaths, over 1 million people homeless, waterborne diseases up to 2 years later, psychological suffering 30,000 commercial building destroyed, damaged clothing industry, loss of jobs Worsened due to 40% unemployed -> poor quality housing
31
What were the responses to the Haiti earthquake?
Difficult to respond (airport and port damage) Government premises destroyed, lack of order, mobbed aid Less than 5 % mapped -> hard to set up camps Red Cross and different country rescue teams helped Temporary field hospitals UN troops sent to keep order Cash for work programmes Difficultly managing cholera outbreaks Slow progress, still 1,300 camps after a year GPS mapping
32
What were the causes of the Mount St. Helens eruption?
Destructive plate boundary: Juan de Fuca plate (part of Pacific) subducts under the NA. Cascades, stratovolcano (partial remelting)
33
What were the effects of the amount St Helens eruption and how were these worsened?
Worsened due to the initial warning (too early - erupted a month later) Social: 63 people died (forestry, tourism) from pyroclastic flow and lateral eruption - lahars, landslides (increased flood risk), breathing difficulty from ash Economic: Lahars disrupted shipping routes, trees up to 19 miles away were damaged economy actually benefitted through tourism and increased soil fertility
34
What were the responses to the Mount St Helens eruption?
Short term: emergency services rescue Long term: resident rehousing, infrastructure repairs, hazard mapping, continues to erupt (2008) but is one of the most monitored volcanoes - GPS sensors, seismic monitors, gas level monitoring
35
What were the causes of Typhoon Haiyan?
``` Water 26.5°c but was 30°c to 300ft deep -> super typhoon Started in Micronesia as tropical storm Evaporation -> cumulonimbus Cool, dry air descends to form the eye Trade winds sucked in Spin due to Coriolis effect Heavy rain, strong winds ```
36
What were the effects of Typhoon Haiyan and how was it worsened?
It was worse because it took people by surprise - the size and the storm surge were underestimated. 25ft storm surge but people prepared instead of evacuated Social: 7,500 killed, 2 mil homeless -> psychological impact Environmental: Trees uprooted -> CO2 release, oil spills, debris, cholera -> little clean water available Economic: Farmers lost jobs in forestry and many rice and sugar producing areas were also effected as well as coconut
37
How was Typhoon Haiyan managed?
Oxfam water tanks were distributed in some areas Responses were difficult due to infrastructure damage Limited shelter and water after 6 months Government was too slow to respond - Tacloban city government only had 70/2,500 workers Investments were made into GPS predicting technology no online warning systems
38
What were the impacts of hurricane Katrina?
Social: Unsafe conditions, looting, poorest stayed behind 1,200 drowned, 1 mil homeless, unhygienic conditions (superdome) Economic: Oil facilities damaged -> oil prices rose across USA and U.K. Costliest distaste to ever hit the states Environmental: Polluted water, all the water was pumped into lake Pontchartrain
39
How was Hurricane Katrina managed?
Ineffective evacuation -> centres were overcrowded (dangerous) Slow reaction worsened looting and crime National guard mobilised to restore order $50 billion given in aid by the government The UK sent food aid during the recovery process Flood wall systems were improved Network of evacuation centres was established
40
How many people died in the Haiti earthquake?
220,000
41
How many people in Haiti are unemployed?
40%
42
What plates are at the conservative boundary around Haiti?
North American, gonave microplate, Caribbean plate
43
How many commercial buildings were destroyed in the Haiti earthquake?
30,000
44
How many people were made homeless by the Haiti earthquake?
1 million
45
What magnitude was the Haiti earthquake?
Magnitude 7
46
How far away was Port-au-Prince from the epicentre of the Haiti earthquake?
15 miles
47
What plates are at the destructive boundary near Mount St. Helens?
(Pacific plate) Juan De Fuca plate and North American plate
48
How many people died in the Mount St. Helens eruption?
63
49
When was the last Mount St. Helens eruption?
2008
50
When was Typhoon Haiyan?
2013
51
How deep and how warm were the waters that caused Typhoon Haiyan?
30°C (86°F) to 300 ft, but they only needed to be 26.5°C
52
How many people were killed by Typhoon Haiyan?
7,500
53
How many people were left homeless from Typhoon Haiyan?
2 million
54
How high was the storm surge caused by Typhoon Haiyan?
25ft
55
How many workers were available in Tacloban after Typhoon Haiyan?
70 out of 2,500
56
How many people drowned because of Hurricane Katrina?
1,200
57
How many people were left homeless after hurricane Katrina?
1 million
58
How many people died in the 2004 Bangladesh flood?
600
59
What was the cost of the damage to schools and hospitals in the 2004 Bangladesh flood?
$7 billion
60
How many people in Dhaka suffered from diarrhoea because of the water after the 2004 floods?
100,000
61
How much of Dhaka was underwater after the Bangladesh flood?
40%
62
How many vehicles were swept out to sea in the Boscastle flood?
Over 50
63
How many building were swept away by the Boscastle flood?
6 buildings
64
How much of the economy in Boscastle relies on tourism?
90%
65
How many people were airlifted to safety in Boscastle?
150
66
What are the order of the towns across the Jurassic coast? East to west
Chesil beach, Portland, Weymouth, durdle door, lulworth, studland, Poole

GCSE Geography OCR (5 decks)

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