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Case study (Living world) Flashcards

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1
Q

Name and locate the UK’s key mountains peaks

A

Ben nevis,scafell pikes

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2
Q

Name and locate the UK’s major highland areas

A

located in Scotland (in the Scottish Highlands), the Lake District and the Pennines in the north and north-west of the UK.

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3
Q

Name and locate the UK’s major lowland areas

A

Most of the UK’s lowland is found in the South and East of the UK. Cities like Norwich

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4
Q

Name and locate the UK’s major rivers

A

The River Severn is the longest river in the UK (354km), followed by the River Thames (346km).

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5
Q

Name and locate the seas and oceans surrounding the UK

A

North Sea and Atlantic ocean

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6
Q

characteristics of constructive waves

A

-Strong swash and weak backwash
-Not very tall
-longer wavelength than destructive waves
-7-10 waves a minute
-deposit material on beach

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7
Q

characteristics of destructive waves

A

-Taller and more frequent than constructive waves
-10-15 a minute
-cause of erosion on coastline
-stronger backwash than swash
-Drag material away from beach

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8
Q

Mechanical weathering example

A

Freeze thaw weathering:
-when water fills a crack in a rock and freezes.
-Water expands when it freezes causing the crack to get wider and deeper.
-When the ice melts, there is now a larger crack that fills with water and then freezes again.

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9
Q

chemical weathering example

A

-When the climate is warm and wet,
-carbon dioxide can dissolve in rain to create a ‘carbonic acid’.
-The carbonic acid in rainfall hits rocks and dissolves the parts of the rock made of calcium carbonate.
-This also breaks down rock.

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10
Q

What are the types mass movements?

A

Slide:
- when material moves down a slope in a straight line.
Slump:
- when material moves down a slope at a curve.
Rockfall:
-when the cliff (materials) break and crumble down the cliff.

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11
Q

What are the processes of erosion that affect coastal landscapes?

A

Hydraulic power
Abrasion
Attrition
Solution

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of tundra?

A
  • very long days in summer and very short days in winter
    -Winter temperatures are usually below freezing.
    -Doesn’t rain much.
    -The dominant types of vegetation are grasses and moss.
    -Permafrost layer just beneath the soil.
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13
Q

What are the characteristics of grasslands?

A

-Usually found between +23.5° and -23.5%deg; latitude (‘savannah grassland’).
-Wet and a dry season.
-The dominant vegetation is grass.

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of temperate deciduous forests?

A

-usually in the 40° to 60° latitude areas.
-Can be identified by their four seasons, with the trees in the deciduous forests shedding their leaves in winter.
-Rain falls throughout the year.

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of tropical rainforests?

A

-Usually located between the tropics, where it is always hot and the humidity/moisture is high.
-Areas of lush forest with dense canopies of vegetation forming clear layers.

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of tropical rainforest soil?

A

-Heavy rain washes away minerals and nutrients from the soil
-One layer of soil on the rainforest floor is fertile and nutrient-rich, but this does not extend deep into the soil further underground.

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17
Q

What is the average annual rainfall level in the Amazon rainforest?

A

80 inches (2,000mm)

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18
Q

What interdependence is there between climate and soil in tropical rainforests?

A

-Decomposition happens rapidly because of the humid, warm, and moist climate in a tropical rainforest.
-This rapid decomposition creates a nutrient-rich layer of soil and this can allow plants to grow very fast.

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19
Q

What are the effects of deforestation?

A

-Fewer trees absorb less carbon dioxide through photosynthesis.
-Soil erosion increases, reducing the quality of the soil and reducing the ability of rainforests to support large animal populations.

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20
Q

What are buttress roots and how are they adapted to tropical rainforests?

A

specially adapted tree roots that spread out across a very wide area and go deep underground. Being spread so wide and deep allows buttress roots to absorb more nutrients.

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21
Q

How is bark adapted to tropical rainforests?

A

Having very smooth bark, like having a waxy coating on leaves, helps the rain to run off the tree easily.

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22
Q

How are tamarin and howler monkeys adapted to the tropical rainforest?

A

-They can avoid predation by only living high in the trees, avoiding predators on the rainforest floor.
-Monkeys have evolved strong limbs and tails to climb and live in the trees for their whole lives.

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23
Q

How are flying squirrels adapted to tropical rainforests?

A

flying squirrels have evolved ‘wings’ made out of skin which are a bit like a wingsuit. They can glide between trees using their ‘wings’.

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24
Q

What are the reasons for deforestation in tropical rainforests?

A

-Growing population.
-Construction of power plants and renewable energy.
-Mining and raw materials.

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25
What are the environmental impacts of deforestation?
-Fewer trees mean less carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis. -Fewer trees mean that soil is bound together less tightly and that soil erosion is more likely to happen.
26
What are the economic impacts of deforestation?
-In 2018, Brazil exported $28bn worth of metals. The mining industry creates jobs, exports and helps increase Brazilian people's standard of living. -Similarly, hydroelectric power plants and cattle farms help to create jobs.
26
What are the increasing demands from food consumers in the UK?
-Seasonal food all year round. -More high-value foods. -More organic produce.
27
What is the carbon footprint of food made up of?
-Growing the food. -Packaging the food. -Transporting the food.
28
What are the impacts of agribusiness in the UK?
-Increasing farm size. -Increased use of chemicals and GM.
29
Where are areas of water deficit in the UK?
-London, Birmingham, and the east of England are all areas of water deficit. -This is because most people live in these areas, so the demand for water is very high.
30
Where are areas of water surplus in the UK?
-The Lake District, Manchester, Liverpool, Wales, and Cornwall all have water surplus. -Rainfall is heavy and not many people live in some of these areas.
31
How can water quality be managed in the UK?
-Water quality can be improved by regulating what factories are able to empty into rivers -Banning the use of chemicals and pesticides that could lower water quality
32
How can dams and aqueducts help to transport water across the UK?
-Networks of dams, reservoirs, and aqueducts can transport water across the UK. -Manchester gets water from the Lake District, -Birmingham gets water from Wales,
33
What are the environmental issues associated with energy production?
-Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases -fracking for natural gas on land can cause micro-earthquakes under people's houses.
34
Why is food demand increasing?
-Rising global population -As countries become more developed, people's incomes rises and their preferences change.
35
What are the factors affecting food supply?
-Climate. -Poverty. -Water stress.
36
What are the impacts of food insecurity?
-Famine. -Undernutrition or malnourishment. -rising food prices
37
What happens in aeroponics?
mist is used to give plants nutrients instead of soil.
38
What is irrigation?
-adding water to the right parts of plants at the right time, irrigation can increase crop growth and food production.
39
What happens in hydroponics?
water solvent mixture is used to give plants nutrients instead of soil.
40
How can aeroponics and hydroponics increase food supply?
-Less water is needed but the infrastructure for vertical farms and hydroponics is generally high. -They are likely to have to operate on a large scale to be cost-effective.
41
Methods of ensuring the sustainability of food supplies.
-Eating seasonal foods. -Reducing waste. -Permaculture.
42
What is permaculture?
-Permaculture is a way of thinking, behaving, and designing systems in farming and livestock rearing. -it involves thinking about growing your own food, the sustainability of different products and encouraging local food sourcing.
43
What determines water demand in an area?
-The number of people living in an area. -The population density of the area. -The income of people living in an area.
44
How does poverty affect water availability?
-People living in poverty often do not have access to clean running water. -in the UK, to get access to clean running water, you have to live in a house and you have to pay an average of £415 per year.
45
What are the impacts of water insecurity?
-Potential for conflict -Reduced food production. -Reduced industrial output.
46
What two things cause over-abstraction?
-Rising demand for water -A rising regional population
47
How can water supplies be increased?
-Increasing water storage, dams, and reservoirs. -Water transfers and diverting water supplies
48
What are other methods of water conservation?
-Using drip irrigation (straight into roots/soil) rather than surface --irrigation. -Avoiding long showers. -Using water meters
49
What % of the world's countries share aquifers with other countries?
64%
50
Why is global demand for energy increasing?
-Economic development. -Increasing global population size. -Advances in technology.
51
What are the economic factors affecting energy security?
-Some natural resources in some locations are more expensive to find and extract. -Oil exploration companies specialise in scanning the ocean using seismic waves to find oil.
52
What are the impacts of energy insecurity?
-Potential for conflict. -Economic and environmental costs of energy insecurity. -Exploration of difficult and environmentally sensitive areas.
53
What are the reasons for deforestation in tropical rainforests?
-Growing population. -Construction of power plants and renewable energy. -Mining and raw materials.
54
What are the environmental impacts of deforestation?
-Fewer trees mean less carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis. -Fewer trees mean that soil is bound together less tightly and that soil erosion is more likely to happen.
55
What are the economic impacts of deforestation?
-In2018, Brazil exported $28bn worth of metals. The mining industry creates jobs, exports and helps increase Brazilian people's standard of living. -Similarly, hydroelectric power plants and cattle farms help to create jobs.
56
What are the reasons to protect tropical rainforests from deforestation?
-Preserving biodiversity, which makes the world less fragile. -Source of useful products (e.g. avocado, cashew nuts). -Long-term economic benefits, such as ecotourism.
57
What is an environmental impact of deforestation?
-Soil more likely to be washed away from forest floors -Fewer trees means less carbon dioxide removed from atmosphere
58
What are sustainable management methods for tropical rainforests?
-Selective logging (only cutting down a certain species or age of tree). -Conservation and education. -Ecotourism.
59
What is the climate of tundra regions?
-Tundra regions are always colder than 10oC and in the winter average about -35oC. -Levels of rainfall are low in tundra regions,
60
What is the soil like in tundra regions?
permafrost covers the ground with a tiny layer of infertile, acidic soil on top of it.
61
What conditions are plants and animals adapted to in cold environments?
-Low temperatures. -Exposure to the wind.
62
What kind of roots do plants in cold environments have?
-Deep roots are good for competing with other plants for lots of nutrients -So plants have shallow roots.
63
How are birds adapted to cold environments?
-Many birds will migrate very long distances to avoid the coldest winter months in tundra enviroments
64
how are arctic hares adapted to cold climates?
Arctic hares' white fur gives them extremely good camouflage
65
How can cold wild environments be sustainably managed?
-Regulation by governments -International agreements
66
What are the characteristics of upland areas?
-Upland areas in the UK are often rugged, with steep relief (difficult for growing crops) and weathered rocks. -Sheep farming, tourism, and paper-making are popular activities in Cumbria and the Lake District.
67
What are the characteristics of lowland areas in the UK?
-lowland areas are the best areas of the UK for farming. The soil is very fertile and the relief is very gentle. -Cattle farming and carrot growing are strong agricultural industries in East Anglia.
68

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