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Case Study III (VM2 Fall) > Cases 1-5 > Flashcards

Cases 1-5 Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What is azotemia?

A

Abnormally high levels of nitrogen-containing compounds (Urea, creatinine) in the blood

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2
Q

What is uremia?

A

Clinical manifestations of azotemia.

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3
Q

What are the 3 main mechanisms of azotemia?

A

pre-renal, renal, post-renal

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4
Q

Pre-renal azotemia is due to _____.

A

decreased renal perfusion

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5
Q

What is the most common cause of pre-renal azotemia?

A

dehydration

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6
Q

What are some clinical signs of dehydration?

A

sunken eyes, prolonged CRT, tacky/dry gums and other MMs, excessive skin tenting

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7
Q

What lab results would be consistent with pre-renal azotemia?

A

All blood components are more concentrated (PCV, albumin, TP)
USG = high

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8
Q

In pre-renal azotemia, what would the USG be?

A

high

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9
Q

What does it mean if the USG is high in pre-renal azotemia?

A

The kidney is concentrating urine in a dehydrated animal

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10
Q

What is renal azotemia?

A

Decreased renal function

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11
Q

What is the USG in renal azotemia?

A

Isosthenuric (1.007-1.013)

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12
Q

Isosthenuria indicates decreased renal function IF an animal is _____ and/or _____.

A

azotemic, dehydrated

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13
Q

What is one main clinical sign of renal azotemia?

A

PU/PD

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14
Q

What is post-renal azotemia?

A

Obstruction of ureters, bladder, urethra, or a ruptured bladder.

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15
Q

What is the USG in post-renal azotemia?

A

variable

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16
Q

What are clinical signs associated with post-renal azotemia?

A

Anuria, straining to urinate, painful urination

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17
Q

What would we find on PE/imaging if there is post-renal azotemia?

A

+/- distended bladder (depends on if it has ruptured)

+/- fluid in abdomen (uroabdomen following rupture)

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18
Q

What is one thing you MUST have in order to properly assess renal function?

A

USG

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19
Q

If an animal is dehydrated and/or azotemic and the kidney is functioning adequately, the USG should be _____.

A

elevated (above 1.013)

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20
Q

What is a common cause of renal failure in dogs?

A

toxins

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21
Q

What is a common disease of Shih Tzu’s that can cause azotemia?

A

renal dysplasia

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22
Q

After determining the type of azotemia we have, what would be some good tests to run after that?

A

Ultrasound, renal biopsy

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23
Q

What is renal dysplasia and in what 2 breeds is it most commonly found?

A

A developmental or genetic defect of the kidneys; common in Shih Tzus and Lhasa Apsos.

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24
Q

What is stage 1 of renal dysplasia?

A

Absence of symptoms

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25
What is stage 2 of renal dysplasia?
PU/PD, weight loss, lack of vigor, intermittent loss of appetite
26
What is stage 3 of renal dysplasia?
Vomiting, weakness, dehydration, severe debilitation, eventual death from renal failure
27
What is the most common cause of hyperphosphatemia?
Decreased urinary phosphorus excretion in association with chronic renal failure
28
What are the major differentials for hyperproteinemia?
Dehydration and hyperglobulinemia
29
Dehydration causes _____, which causes hyperproteinemia.
hemoconcentration
30
What do serum proteins consist of?
Albumin and globulins
31
TP = _____ + ______
Albumin + globulins
32
Globulins = _____ - _____
TP - Albumin
33
What is the normal A:G ratio?
1:1
34
High TP with normal A:G ratio suggests _____.
dehydration
35
High TP with low A:G ratio suggests _____.
hyperglobulinemia
36
What is chronic antigenic stimulation?
Something that happens with hyperglobulinemia; chronic infectious process
37
What PE and CBC changes might be expected with chronic antigenic stimulationi?
Increased WBCs, increased NPs, +/- anemia, +/- fever
38
What are monoclonal gammopathies?
Something that happens with hyperglobulinemia such as a plasma cell myeloma (multiple myeloma)
39
What is a multiple myeloma?
Tumor that produces antibodies
40
With monoclonal gammopathies, proteins will also typically appear in _____.
urine
41
What is relative erythrocytosis?
Occurs with a decrease in plasma volume, such as dehydration.
42
What is transient erythrocytosis?
Type of relative polycythemia that occurs when excitement or fear causes spleen to contract, resulting in release of large numbers of RBCs into circulation.
43
What is absolute erythrocytosis?
RARE; Real increase in RBCs resulting from increased production. Can be due to bone marrow disroder or by excessive release of hormones that stimulate RBC production.
44
What 4 fluids might be found in the abdomen?
1. Urine 2. Exudate 3. Blood 4. Transudate
45
What can cause uroabdomen?
Ruptured bladder due to HBC/trauma, urethral obstruction (increased BUN and creat)
46
What can cause there to be exudate in the abdomen?
GI perforation, external penetration, navel ill, systemic infections
47
What can cause hemoabdomen?
Trauma, neoplasia, bleeding issues (i.e. anticoagulant rodenticides)
48
What are the 2 main mechanisms of transudation?
1. Increased hydrostatic pressure | 2. Decreased colloidal osmotic pressure
49
What are 2 things that can cause increased hydrostatic pressure?
heart failure and portal hypertension
50
What are 2 things that can cause decreased colloidal osmotic pressure?
Hypoproteinemia (<3.5) and hypoalbuminemia (<2.0)
51
With hemoabdomen, what would the belly tap look like?
RBCs present Low WBCs Opaque and red >3 g/dL protein
52
With transudate, what would the belly tap look like?
<1500/ul cells Clear, straw-colored <3 g/dL protein
53
With exudate, what would the belly tap look like?
>1500/ul cells (NPs) Turbid (cloudy) >3 g/dL protein
54
With uroabdomen, what would the belly tap look like?
Usually <1500/ul cells Clear, yellow <3 g/dL protein
55
How can you differentiate a transudate from a urine?
Creatinine level in the peritoneal fluid is at least double that of serum
56
What could cause peritonitis and hyperproteinemia in a cat?
FIP (feline infectious peritonitis)
57
What causes FIP?
coronavirus
58
What is the prognosis of FIP?
condition is fatal
59
Can FIP cause anemia?
Can cause mild to severe anemia
60
What is commonality?
If an animal develops a variety of clinical signs over a short period of time, some or all are likely related
61
What is polychromasia?
RBCs are different colors
62
What is anisocytosis?
RBCs are different sizes
63
What are spherocytes?
Small, round RBCs that lack central pallor; indicator of IMHA
64
What are the 3 main mechanisms for anemia?
1. Hemorrhage 2. Hemolysis 3. Ineffective hematopoiesis
65
What clinical/bloodwork signs would you have with hemorrhage?
Decreased TP and albumin, evidence of bleeding (trauma, epistaxis, melena, hemoabdomen)
66
What CBC signs would you have with hemolysis?
Elevated bilirubin, icterus,+/- hemoglobinuria, hemoglobinemia, RBC morphology changes
67
What CBC signs would you have with ineffective hematopoiesis?
Low reticulocytes with lack of anisocytosis and polychromasia in anemic animal
68
What is regenerative anemia?
Population of cells consists of mature and immature cells; see increase in absolute number of reticulocytes
69
What is non-regenerative anemia?
Population of cells has only mature cells
70
What color are reticulocytes on a smear?
blue
71
What is auto-agglutination?
Grape-like cluster of RBCs; seen with IMHA
72
What are 3 causes of icterus?
1. Pre-hepatic (hemolysis) 2. Hepatic (Liver disease) 3. Post-hepatic (Bile duct obstruction)
73
What does an elevated ALP indicate?
cholestasis

Case Study III (VM2 Fall) (6 decks)

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