Cases 6-10 Flashcards Preview

Case Study III (VM2 Fall) > Cases 6-10 > Flashcards

Flashcards in Cases 6-10 Deck (64)
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1
Q

_____ alone dramtically changes the priority of many differentials.

A

Age

2
Q

What age is degenerative disease more common in?

A

old

3
Q

What age are congenital anomalies more common in?

A

young

4
Q

What age is neoplasia more common in?

A

old

5
Q

What ages are infectious diseases more common in?

A

HIGH in young

LOW in prime

MODERATE in old

6
Q

What 5 key issues, relatively unique to the neonate, will you need to consider when dealing with a poor-doing newborn?

A
  1. The dam is an integral part (newborns are not autonomous until weaned)
  2. Immunity (Ab from colostrum)
  3. Congenital anomalies
  4. Navel infections
  5. Environment
7
Q

What can dystocia lead to in a newborn?

A

fetal hypoxia

8
Q

What are some reasons for neonates’ decreased access to milk from the dam?

A
  1. Poor mothering instincts
  2. Mastitis
  3. Teat lesions
9
Q

What 3 things are important issues with neonates that are associated with the dam?

A
  1. Birthing
  2. Provides nutrition (milk)
  3. Health & nutrition of dam
10
Q

You may not be able to solve the health problem of the neonate without the ability to evaluate the _____.

A

dam

11
Q

What are some reasons why the neonate’s immunity may be an issue?

A
  1. Newborn is lacking
  2. Initial immunity is passive
  3. Dam vaccination prior to parturition modifies the quantity of passive immunity
  4. Inadequate quantity/quality of colostrum
12
Q

What are some common congenital anomalies associated with neonates?

A
  1. Cleft palate
  2. Heart defects
  3. Contracted tendons
  4. Atresia ani
13
Q

What body part should you ALWAYS assess in newborns?

A

navel

14
Q

Neonates are less able to tolerate _____ (keep them clean, warm, dry).

A

environmental extremes

15
Q

What are 2 mechanisms in neonates whereby an infectious process could result in liver lesions?

A
  1. FPT –> sepsis –> blood-born dissemination to liver
  2. Navel infection –> travels up umbilical ven –> liver –> infection and/or abscess
16
Q

What are schistocytes?

A

Fragmented RBCs

17
Q

What do schistocytes indicate?

A

Mechanical damage to RBCs

18
Q

What are the main causes for schistocytosis?

A

DIC, neoplasia (hemangiosarc)

19
Q

What can presence of schistocytes lead to?

A

Fragmentation hemolytic anemia

20
Q

How are jaundice and presence of schistocytes related?

A

Increased RBC destruction causes excess bilirubin in the blood –> jaundice

21
Q

What are some differentials for hemoabdomen?

A
  1. Trauma (splenic or hepatic rupture/fracture)
  2. Neoplasia (hemangiosarc)
  3. Clotting/Coagulation problems
22
Q

Clotting factors can be _____ or _____.

A

inherited, acquired

23
Q

What is an example of an acquired clotting/coagulation problem?

A

Anticoagulant rodenticides

24
Q

What is the most common cause of acute non-traumatic hemoabdomen in dogs?

A

Malignant neoplasia (most often hemangiosarcoma)

25
Q

What is the treatment of choice for hemangiosarcoma?

A

surgery

26
Q

Does removal of a hemangiosarcoma mass increase survival time?

A

No: surgery provides temporary relief, but does little to improve overall survival time

27
Q

Chemotherapy for hemangiosarcoma can _____ survival time.

A

prolong

28
Q

Hemangiosarcoma usually has already _____ by the time of initial diagnosis.

A

metastasized

29
Q

What is the long term prognosis for a dog with hemangiosarcoma?

A

extremely poor

30
Q

How can hemangiosarcoma cause schostocytosis?

A

Squeezing of blood thru irregular and partially thrombosed vascular channels –> schistocytes

31
Q

How can hemangiosarcoma cause jaundice?

A

Damage caused by tumor mets to liver; Increased RBC destruction –> RBC fragmentation

32
Q

Who is John Snow?

A

English physician that is considered to be the father of modern epidemiology.

33
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Study of patterns of health and illness in an individual or population.

34
Q

John Snow utilized the study of patterns of disease to figure out _____.

A

how cholera was transmitted

35
Q

What is the miasma theory?

A

If postulated that diseases, such as cholera and the plague, were spread by vapors or a novious form of “bad air” (miasma).

36
Q

What did John Snow theorize based on the miasma theory?

A

If it were true for cholera, it should readily spread between people working in confined, poorly ventilated spaces; It did not spread this way, so the miasma theory for spread of cholera was refuted

37
Q

What are differentials for acute death in a previously healthy animal?

A
  1. Acute toxicosis
  2. Severe acute trauma
  3. Major organ system accident (EX: GDV)
38
Q

What is a top differential for acute deaths in a group of previously healthy animals?

A

Acute toxicosis

39
Q

What epidemiological characteristics might make you suspicious of an acute toxicosis?

A

Clinical signs associated with:

  1. Feed change
  2. Change in environment
  3. Acute death in previously healthy animals
  4. Sudden death with no gross lesions
40
Q

What are monensin and lasalocid?

A

Ionophore abx that are also common feed additives for cattle and poultry.

41
Q

What domestic animals are most sensitive to monensin toxicity?

A

horses

42
Q

What does monensin toxicity cause in horses?

A

Damage to the heart.

43
Q

How can you diagnose that a horse died from monensin toxicity?

A

Necropsy (heart lesions) and feed analysis

44
Q

What is the treatment for monensin toxicity?

A

There is no specific antidote

45
Q

What are some foods that are safe for humans but toxic to dogs and cats?

A
  1. Chocolate
  2. Allium spp. (onion, garlic, leek, chives)
  3. Macadamia nuts
  4. Vitis vinifera fruits (grapes, raisins, sultanas, currants)
  5. Products sweetened with xylitol
46
Q

What are some clinical signs of grape and raisin toxicosis?

A
  1. Vomiting in all dogs a few hours after ingestion
  2. Anorexia
  3. Lethargy
  4. Abdominal pain
47
Q

Clinical signs of grape/raisin toxicosis are consistent with _____.

A

ARF

48
Q

What is the epidemiology of an acute toxicosis?

A
  1. New bag/batch of feed (feed mixing error)
  2. Moved to new location (weeds, old batteries)
  3. Sudden appearance of clinical signs/death in young, previously healthy animals
  4. Sudden death of multiple animals with no gross lesions
49
Q

Diagnosis of multiple myeloma in dogs and cats requires at least 2 of which criteria?

A
  1. Radiographic evidence of osteolysis
  2. >20% plasma cells in bone marrow aspiration or biopsies
  3. Monoclonal gammopathy on serum protein electrophoresis
  4. Bence-Jones proteinuira

Cats: plasma cell infiltration of visceral organs

50
Q

Serum protein electrophoresis showing polyclonal gammopathy supports a diagnosis of ____.

A

Inflammation

51
Q

Serum protein electrophoresis showing a monoclonal gammopathy supports a diagnosis of _____.

A

Multiple myeloma

52
Q

What is myelophthesis?

A

Replacement of hematopoetic tissue in bone marrow by tumor cells (multiple myeloma).

53
Q

What is a possible mechanism for an enlarged liver and spleen seen with multiple myeloma?

A

Diffuse infiltration by tumor cells

54
Q

What is a possible mechanism for hypercalcemia seen with multiple myeloma?

A

Bone lysis leading to hypercalcemia

55
Q

What is a possible mechanism for non-regenerative anemia and thrombocytopenia seen with multiple myeloma?

A

Myelophthesis

56
Q

What is a possible mechanism for hypoalbuminemia and elevated liver enzymes seen with multiple myeloma?

A

Extensive infiltration of liver by tumor cells led to liver damage (elevated enzymes) and decreased function (low albumin).

57
Q

What structures need ot be carefully evaluated in animals showing lameness?

A
  1. Feet
  2. Joints
  3. Muscle
  4. Bones
  5. Neuro
  6. Vascular
58
Q

What structures need to be evaluated in animals with paralysis?

A

Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

59
Q

When an animal develops multiple clinical signs over a short time or when multiples animals become ill at the same time, the signs are likely _____.

A

related

60
Q

What are two causes for fractures?

A
  1. A stress is applied that is greater than the strength of the normal bone
  2. A bone is weakened and is fractured with limited force (pathologic fracture)
61
Q

What are processes that can contribute to pathologic fractures?

A
  1. Neoplasia
  2. Metabolic bone disease (decreased mineral)
  3. Infection (osteomyelitis)
62
Q

You necropsy a pig and find these lesions. Is this acute or chronic?

A

Chronic:

Rubbery bones, big callus, no hemorrhage = lesions have been there for a while

63
Q

If you are suspecting a nutritional deficiency in a pig (i.e. Rickets), what samples might you want to collect and what two tests might you want to run to establish a definitive diagnosis?

A
  1. Feed analysis for Ca, P, Vit D
  2. Bone for bone ash (how much mineral is in the bone)
64
Q

In what 2 spp do we most commonly see Rickets and why these 2 spp?

A

Pigs and chickens;

Processing feed removes natural Vit D

Early weaning/no milk (chicks)

Ricketogenic diet (low Ca, high P)

Confinement (lack of sunlight)

Rapid growth