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CAT Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of integumentary system

A

Thermoregulation

Protection against foreign bodies

Protection against mechanical damage and solar radiation

Energy storage

Production of Vitamin D

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2
Q

When do the arterioles in the skin dilate?

A

When body temperature is too high

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3
Q

Give two places where heat receptors can be found

A

Skin and blood vessels

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4
Q

The heat receptors send impulses to the…

A

Hypothalamus

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5
Q

Name the coordinator for thermoregulation

A

Hypothalamus

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6
Q

How is athletes foot treated?

A

Anti-fungal powder

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7
Q

How does the skin protect against foreign bodies

A

The skin covers almost all parts of the body to prevent infection from pathogens

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8
Q

Name the type of pathogen that causes athletes foot

A

Dermatophytes (fungi)

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9
Q

How is athletes foot spread from person to person?

A

Spread through contact with an infected person or from contact with contaminated surfaces, such as towels, floors and shoes

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10
Q

Give three ways in which heat loss from the skin can be reduced

A

Vasoconstriction
Hairs raised
Shivering
Reduce amount of sweat released

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11
Q

Vitamin produced in the skin

A

Vitamin D

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12
Q

Deficiency disease caused by lack of vitamin D

A

Rickets

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13
Q

Why does the skin produce sweat?

A

Thermoregulation
Increases heat loss from the body

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14
Q

Give three ways in which the skin can increase the loss of heat from the body

A

Vasodilation
More sweat produced
Lower hairs

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15
Q

Which muscle raises and lowers hairs

A

Erector muscle

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16
Q

Name three chemicals found in sweat

A

Water
Salt
Urea

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17
Q

Name two ways in which red blood cells can be classified

A

ABO blood groups
Rhesus blood groups

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18
Q

Proteins and lipids in membranes can be glycosylated meaning…

A

A carbohydrate is covalently attached

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19
Q

Name two steroids

A

Oestrogen
Progesterone

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20
Q

Give three functions of lipids in humans

A

Energy store
Membranes
Insulation

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21
Q

Define active transport

A

The movement of molecules and ions through a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration using energy from respiration

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22
Q

What are the two proteins in a cell membrane which allow polar molecules to enter?

A

Channel proteins
Carrier proteins

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23
Q

Name the components of a cell surface membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Channel and carrier proteins
Cholesterol
Antigens

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24
Q

Define osmosis

A

Net movement of water from a high water potential to a lower water potential through a selectively permeable membrane

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25
Why is the term fluid mosaic used to describe the model for membrane structure?
Fluid- phospholipid move within the membrane Mosaic- proteins form blocks on the surface of the membrane
26
Name two carbohydrate containing chemicals found in cell membranes
Glycoproteins and glycolipids
27
What effect does cholesterol have on the fluidity of the membrane?
Reduces the fluidity of phospholipids in the membrane
28
How can the structure of the membrane be changed to make the diffusion of water soluble molecules more rapid?
Increase the number of channel proteins and the surface area
29
What is the function of the carbohydrates found on the outer surface of the membrane?
Antigens
30
How many types of molecule can each carrier protein transport?
One
31
What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?
Fatty acid tail
32
Protein molecules found on the surface of the cell membrane are called…
Extrinsic proteins
33
Give two differences between a triglyceride and a phospholipid
Phospholipids contain a phosphate and triglycerides don’t Phospholipids have two fatty acids whereas triglycerides have three fatty acids
34
What are the functions of glycoproteins in the cell surface membrane?
They enable cells to recognize another cell as familiar or foreign, which is called cell-cell recognition. They also help cells attach to and bind other cells, which is called cell adhesion.
35
Describe how a peak flow test is carried out
Set to 0 then patient creates an airtight seal around disposable mouthpiece and blows hard against paddle
36
Give the units used in measuring peak flow
dm3min-1
37
What does a pulse oximeter measure?
Measures oxygen concentration in blood
38
Give the normal adult score for peak flow
400-700 dm3min-1
39
Describe how alveolus are destroyed in emphysema
cigarette smoke stimulates white blood cells to release protein-digesting enzymes that gradually break down the walls of the alveoli leaving large open spaces.
40
What does peak flow measure?
Maximum rate of airflow that is blown out of the lungs during forced exhalation
41
What is the biggest cause of emphysema
Smoking tobacco
42
Give the symptoms of emphysema
Shortness of breath, shallow or rapid breathing, chronic cough, bluish skin colouration Reduced oxygen intake
43
Which lung disease results in a loss of surface area of alveoli?
Emphysema
44
Which respiratory disease causes the epithelium of the alveoli to thicken?
Pulmonary fibrosis
45
Which occupations increase the likelihood of developing pulmonary fibrosis?
Mining, quarrying
46
How is TB treated?
4-6 months of antibiotics
47
Why is TB more common in developing countries or poor living conditions?
Live in close quarters, more likely to spread between those who live together
48
How does TB affect the lungs?
Causes necrosis of infected tissues which makes large cavities and scar tissue which reduce the surface for gas exchange
49
Symptoms of TB
Night sweats, fever, chills, fatigue, weigh loss, no appetite, cough, chest pain, and coughing blood or sputum
50
Give the symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis
Shortness of breath, chronic dry cough, pain in chest, weakness and fatigue
51
How is TB spread from person to person?
Inhaling droplets from cough/sneeze of infected person which contain the bacterium
52
What causes asthma?
Localised allergic reaction triggered by allergens such as pollen and smoke or exercise, cold, anxiety, stress Genetic
53
Cause of TB
Bacterium called mycobacterium tuberculosis
54
What happens in an asthma attack?
The muscle tissue in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles contracts, reducing the diameter of the airway * The epithelial cells lining the walls secrete larger quantities of mucus than normal, this obstructs the thinner tubes. * Mast cells secrete a chemical called histamine which makes the linings inflamed and swollen. * Blood vessels dilate and become more ‘leaky’. Fluid leaves the capillaries and enters the airways. This allows white blood cells to move to the tissue where they respond to the ‘invaders’. *The muscle surrounding the bronchioles contracts
55
How is asthma treated?
Bronchodilators relax the muscles in the bronchial walls, so they open (relievers, blue) Inhale corticosteroids to reduce inflammation (preventers, brown) Both taken as inhalers
56
Which physiological test is used to diagnose/assess asthma?
Peak flow
57
What are the symptoms of asthma?
Difficulty breathing, wheezing sound when breathing, tight feeling in chest, coughing
58
What is the function of the pleural fluid?
Keeps the pleura moist and helps the layers of tissue glide smoothly over each other as you breathe
59
Why do asthmatics find it difficult to breathe?
The constriction of the bronchi and bronchioles, their inflamed linings and the additional fluid and mucus within them.
60
Which lung diseases can spirometry be used to test for?
Asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
61
How is a spirometry test carried out?
Patients breathes in and out of chamber containing soda lime which causes the lid floating on water to move up and down
62
Equation for pulmonary ventilation
Tidal volume (dm3) * expiration rate (min-1)
63
What is spirometry used to measure?
A measurement of the volume and speed of inhalation and exhalation
64
How is a step concentration gradient maintained at the gas exchange surface?
Lungs continuously ventilated High conc. of oxygen in alveoli Blood with little oxygen continuously supplied to alveoli
65
What type of chemical is the pulmonary surfactant?
Phospholipid
66
Name the cells that produce mucus in the respiratory system
Goblet cells
67
What is the function of the mucus in the respiratory system?
Traps pathogens in the air
68
What is the function of the pleural membrane?
Surrounds the lungs and contains pleural fluid
69
What is the role of the C-shaped cartilage rings in the trachea?
Keeps the trachea open
70
What is the function of the cilia?
Waft the mucus upwards towards the top of the trachea
71
What are the bacterial scavengers in the trachea and bronchioles called?
Macrophages
72
Process of expiration
Diaphragm relaxes and becomes domed Intercostal muscles relax Rib cage moves down and in Volume of the borax decreases Pressure in thorax increases Air is forced out of the lungs
73
Process of inspiration
Diaphragm contracts and moves downward External intercostal muscles contract Rib cage moves up and down Increases volume of the thorax Decreases pressure in the thorax Air moves into the lungs
74
What is the function of the pulmonary surfactant
Lowers surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse
75
How is the alveolus adapted for its function?
Large surface area Thin walls one cell thick Rich blood supply
75
Pathway taken by air to alveolus
Mouth/nose Trachea Bronchus Bronchiole Alveolus
76
Total lung capacity
Full volume of the lungs. The volume in the lungs at maximal inflation
77
Residual volume
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation
78
Expiratory reserve volume
The maximal volume of air that can be exhaled from the end-expiratory position
79
Inspiratory reserve volume
The maximal volume that can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory position
80
Vital capacity
Maximum value of air breathed in and out. The volume is equal to TLC - RV
81
Tidal volume
The amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle
82
Function of mitochondria
Aerobic respiration Release energy Produce ATP
83
Function of Golgi body
Modify protein
84
Function of ribosome
Translation Protein synthesis
85
Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum
Make and transport proteins
86
Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Make and transport lipids and steroids
87
Function of nucleus
Controls the activity of the cells
88
Function of nucleolus
Makes ribosomes
89
Plasma membrane
Controls which substances can cross and enter or leave the cell
90
What is the nuclear envelope and what is its function?
Double membrane surrounding nucleoplasm Pores in membrane to allow mRNA to leave the nucleus Confines DNA to nucleus
91
Which organelles are involved in production of a glycoprotein?
Ribosome Mitochondria Golgi apparatus

Medical science (5 decks)

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