Categorical Propositions Exam 3

Question 1

Relate Subject terms to predicate terms
(Connecting who or what the sentence is about to what they are doing)

Answer 1

Categorical Proposition

Question 2

represents a person, thing, or concept (What or who the sentence is about)

Answer 2

Subject Term

Question 3

What is said about the subject of the sentence

Answer 3

Predicate term

Question 4

All S are P
No S are P
Some S are P
Some S are not P

Answer 4

Four types of categorical propositions

Question 5

Word like “All” or “Some” are…

Answer 5

quantifier

Question 6

Links the subject and predicate terms

Answer 6

copula

Question 7

Always has a subject term that is a noun or noun phrase, a predicate term that is a noun or phrase, with a quantifier (All, no, or some), and a copula linking the subject and predicate terms (Are or are not)

Answer 7

standard form

Question 8

Affirmative quality (“All” or “Some”) or Negative quality (“No” or “Some”) affirms or denies class membership of a categorical proposition

Answer 8

quality (categorical propositions)

Question 9

Universal quality (“All” or “No”) or Particular quality (“Some”) of a categorical proposition

Answer 9

quantity (categorical proposition)

Question 10

The statement applies to every member of the group it talks about (Applies to terms, not to propositions)

Answer 10

Distribution (categorical proposition)

Question 11

A : Universal affirmative (S distributed)
E : Universal negative (S and P distributed)
I : Particular affirmative (S and P undistributed)
O: Particular negative(P distributed)

Answer 11

Letter names of the four categorical propositions

Question 12

Statements or claims that can be either true or false

Answer 12

Propositions

Question 13

Two perspectives : Aristotelean and Boolean.

Answer 13

Existential import

Question 14

Using universal statements “All” or “No” implies that the subject of the statement exists

Answer 14

Aristotelian standpoint

Question 15

developed by John Venn to represent the information expressed by categorical propositions

Answer 15

Venn Diagram

Question 16

Something is true because there is nothing there that makes it is false.

Answer 16

Vacuously True

Question 17

Something is wrong because there is nothing to make it true

Answer 17

Vacuously False

Question 18

drawing a conclusion from one proposition without a lot of steps or complex reasoning. (“All cats have tails” conclusion “Some cats have tails”)

Answer 18

Immediate Inference

Question 19

Saying something about an entire group as if it is real but no one knows if it is real or not.

Answer 19

Existential fallcy

Question 20

When the subject and predicate switch places

Answer 20

Conversion

Question 21

When the quality (Affirmative or negative) is changed and the predicate term is replace with its complement it is…

Answer 21

Observsion

Question 22

When the subject and predicate switch places and replace each with its term compliment. (All horses are animals; all non-animals are non-horses)

Answer 22

Contraposition

Question 23

When the subject and predicate switch places (No cats are dogs; No dogs are cats)

Answer 23

Converse statement

Question 24

when the converse of an A,E,I, or O statement is mistakenly assumed to be true when it has invalid logic.

Answer 24

Fallacy of illicit conversion

Question 25

everything that doesn't belong to a specific set within a larger set of things. It includes all the elements that are not in that set.

Answer 25

Class complement

Question 26

the exact opposite of the term (All cats are mammals; All cats are non-mammals)

Answer 26

Term complement

Question 27

If a then b -> If not b then not A

Answer 27

The contrapositive of a given statement

Question 28

When someone incorrectly switches the subject and the predicate of a statement in a contraposition leading to an invalid argument.

Answer 28

Fallacy of Illicit contraposition

Question 29

Illustrates the relationship of mutually contradictory pairs of categorical propositions. If one is true the other is automatically false. (If all Cats are Black, Then none of the Cats are not Black)

Answer 29

Modern square of opposition

Question 30

opposite truth value (A-0 and E-I)

Answer 30

contradictory relation

Question 31

At least one of the propositions is false (A-E) one of them is false

Answer 31

contrary relation

Question 32

At least one of the propositions is true (I-O) one of them must be true

Answer 32

subcontrary relation

Question 33

The truth trickles down from A-I and E-O The falsity trickles up from I-A and O-E

Answer 33

subalternation relation

Answer 34

illicit contrary

Answer 35

illicit subcontrary

Answer 36

illicit subalternation

Answer 37

conditionally valid

Question 38

Statements that incorporate forms of the verb "to be" other than "are" and "are not: or omit it entirely need to have the implicit "are" or "are not" made explicit. Ex: Some dogs would rather bark than bite Some dogs ARE ANIMALS THAT would rather bark than bite

Answer 38

Nonstandard verbs

Question 39

Propositions that make assertions about singular nouns can be transformed into universals by means of a "parameter"

Answer 39

singular propositions

Question 40

A phrase that affects the number of the subject term without changing its meaning. Ex: Socrates is mortal ALL PEOPLE IDENTICAL TO Socrates are PEOPLE WHO ARE mortal

Answer 40

parameter

Question 41

Implicit quantifies must be made explicit. to determine the quantity you must be sensitive to the most probable meaning of the statement.

Answer 41

unexpressed quantifiers

Answer 42

nonstandard quantifiers

Answer 43

conditional statements

Question 44

Propositions using the words "Only" "None but" "None except etc.

Answer 44

exclusive propositions

Answer 45

exceptive propositions

Question 46

What does A distribute?

Answer 46

The Subject

Question 47

What does E distribute?

Answer 47

The Subject and the Predicate

Question 48

What does I distribute?

Answer 48

Neither the subject nor the predicate

Question 49

What does O distribute?

Answer 49

The Predicate

Question 50

What does Universal quantity distribute?

Answer 50

Subjects

Question 51

What do Negative quantity distribute?

Answer 51

Predicates

Question 52

Arguments that are from the boolean standpoint are valid regardless of whether they refer to existing things.

Answer 52

Unconditionally Valid

Question 53

When you change the quality (affirmative or negative) and replace the predicate with its term compliment (All horses are animals; no horses are non-animals)

Answer 53

Obversion

Question 54

A false A proposition is equal to an...

Answer 54

O proposition

Question 55

A false O proposition is equal to an...

Answer 55

A proposition

Question 56

A false E proposition is equal to an...

Answer 56

I proposition

Question 57

A false I proposition is equal to an...

Answer 57

E proposition

Question 58

adverbs "Where" "Anywhere" "nowhere") may be translated using the word "places" Ex" Wherever you hide, they will find you and they will tax you"

Answer 58

Spatial adverbs

Question 59

adverbs "When" "Whenever" "Always" may be translated using "times" Ex: He is never clean shaven

Answer 59

Temporal adverbs

Question 60

Pronouns ("Who" "Whoever" "Anyone") may be translated using "people"

Answer 60

Personal Pronouns

Question 61

Pronouns ("What" "Whatever" "Anything") may be translated using "Things"

Answer 61

Impersonal Pronouns