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Cattle Housing Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

Why are growing and adult cattle housed in colder/wetter months?

A

due to poor quality and growth of grass - which is needed for supplementary feeding
Damage to pastures in winter

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2
Q

What do we need to consider when thinking about housing design?

A

airspace
stocking density /cm2
ventilation
feeding
water
bedding
flooring
drainage
ability to clean and disinfect
fittings
movement + restraint
waste production/disposal

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3
Q

airspace?

A

cubic metres of air per animal

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4
Q

stocking density?

A

cm2 per animal

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5
Q

ventilation?

A

exchanges of air / hour

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6
Q

feeding?

A

access to deliver and to eat

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7
Q

water?

A

access and quality

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8
Q

bedding?

A

amount and type

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9
Q

Flooring?

A

type and maintenance

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10
Q

Drainage?

A

slopes and drains

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11
Q

ability to clean and disinfect?

A

hygiene and dirty cows

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12
Q

fittings?

A

type and condition - doesn’t cause injury to cattle

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13
Q

movement and restraint of housed animals?

A

access of the cows from our perspective and design

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14
Q

waste production/disposal?

A

slurry removal and disposal

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15
Q

waste from an adult dairy cow?

A

urine production - 50ml/kg/day (600kg cow = 30L/day)
Faeces - Dairy cow 30-50kg/day

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16
Q

what are the essential provisions that we consider for an audit?

A

floor space, floors & bedding, group size, grouping, feeding, water, ventilation, air space, lighting, handling facilities, equipment condition, capacity

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17
Q

what does appropriate ventilation rates result in?

A

removal of heat
reduction in humidity
removal and reduction of CO2, NH3 concs
removal/reduction of airborne organisms (reduction of atmospheric load)

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18
Q

what is a common mistake that is made concerning ventilation?

A

is to reduced ventilation rates in cold weather to retain heat

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19
Q

What is atmospheric bacterial and viral load reduced by?

A

sedimentation (gravitates to the ground)
ventilation (IMPORTANT)
death of organism (low levels of humidity)

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20
Q

what do we need to keep the relative humidity at?

A

keep below 80% if possible

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21
Q

why can’t we always keep humidity below 80%?

A
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22
Q

what should the patterns of air flow through a well designed building?

A

hot air rises and fresh air is drawn into the building
there should be an open ridge and gaps under the eaves of the roof

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23
Q

how do we measure airflow and ventilation?

A

smoke bombs

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24
Q

how do we measure stocking density and airspace?

A

tape measure or laser pointer

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25
how do we measure relative humidity?
dry/wet thermometer
26
typical design of a calf house?
open ridge / ventilation slatted boards / ventilation perspex skylight for increasing light straw bales kennels for insulation 1/20 fall for drainage feed passage for access between the rows
27
signs of a good strawed area + loafing area + feeding area?
appropriate stocking density sufficient air space good feed access good ventilation appropriate bedding appropriate water supply
28
what will the addition of a light ridge do?
it will improve ventilation and increase the amount of natural lighting
29
point of feed barriers?
allow animals to eat unhindered by other cattle and prevents food tossing
30
requirements of feeder?
all cattle need to be able to access the feed barrier at the same time
31
slats?
underground waste disposal system - savings as no bedding is used - you can have slatted floor without rubber matter or with
32
abbattoirs may reject what cows?
dirty cows
33
clean cows reduced risk of meat contaminated with what diseases?
E.coli 0157 Campylobacter Salmonella
34
cubicle?
an independent protected space for an individual
35
where are cubical systems commonly used?
used for housing adult dairy cattle especially in areas where straw is expensive and in short supply
36
cubicle design features?
individual space - without cross-lying be able to get in and out easily w/o injury comfort - increase lying times (ruminating) - to ruminate - 12-14 hours ish clean and dry lunge space - for getting up maximise the use of spenny housing
37
partitions?
providing maximum space with minimal interference
38
lung spaces?
to front and possibly side
39
head rail?
pushes cow back to defaecate/urinate in passageway
40
slope?
cows like to lie uphill (slope 10-13cm front to rear)
41
Brisket board?
avoids cow getting too close to wall (preserve lunge space)
42
kerb?
not too high, cows do not like backing off of high kerb
43
surface?
comfortable, avoids injury (sand, mattress, plus bedding)
44
in what type of housing is their a higher incidence of lameness?
animals housed in cubicles than in straw yards
45
how long should cows lie down for daily?
12-14 hours daily
46
in which housing is there a higher incidence of lameness compared with straw yards?
higher incidence of lameness in animals housed in cubicles than in straw yards
47
poor cubicle design signs?
walking and standing in slurry Less time spent lying down More time standing Physical trauma Physical damage and impact forces feet
48
why is good lighting essential for dairy cattle housing?
it is essential for efficient and safe working
49
vermin?
badger and birds
50
Birds (that are classed as vermin) eat?
TMR
51
Cubicles advantages?
Less bedding required Flexibility w/ bedding materials Lower risk of environmental mastitis Higher stocking rate
52
Cubicles disadvantages?
Passageways contaminated with slurry Increased risk of lameness/ leg damage
53
environmental mastitis?
fresh layer of bedding on top of dirty bedding, very humid, ferments
54
Straw yards advantages?
lower risk of lameness Lower risk of damage to knees and hocks
55
Straw yards disadvantages?
lower stocking rate more bedding required increased risk of environmental mastitis Loafing areas contaminated with slurry
56
TMR?
total mixed rations, a mix of feeds that is formulated to a specific nutrient content
57
what is good ventilation for dairy cattle housing?
a covered open ridge and moving curtain sidewalls
58
Problem with walking and standing in slurry?
softens the horn of the hoof
59
Problems with less time spent lying down?
reduced rumination
60
problem with more time standing?
foot anoxia - blood flow slow
61
What kind of physical trauma can cattle experience from poor design of cubicles?
damaged hocks and carpi
62
What poor design can result in physical damage and cause impact forces feet?
narrow passage ways and sharp turns
63
What is the daily lying time (hours) for cattle with bare concrete cubicle beds?
7.2 hours (when it should be 12-14 hours)
64
What is the daily lying time (hours) for cattle with chopped straw on concrete bed?
14.1 hours
65
What is the daily lying time (hours) for cattle with cow cushion bed?
14.4 hours
66
For the rubber filled mattress stall base, what percentage of stalls were occupied?
89%
67
For the sand stall base, what percentage of stalls were occupied?
79%
68
For the mat stall base, what percentage of stalls were occupied?
65%
69
For the concrete stall base, what percentage of stalls were occupied?
39%
70
What do we have to consider concerning floor space as an essential provision for cattle housing?
sufficient floor space in order to meet the minimum requirement of welfare codes and assurance schemes, ideally 20% more than this
71
What do we have to consider concerning floors and bedding as an essential provision for cattle housing?
bedding needs to be adequate to keep floors dry throughout the winter
72
What do we have to consider concerning group size as an essential provision for cattle housing?
are they in manageable sized groups steers and heifers should be less than 40 animals in a group Bulls should be less than 20 animals in a group
73
What do we have to consider concerning grouping as an essential provision for cattle housing?
the groups needs to be well matched in terms of sex and size
74
What do we have to consider concerning feeding as an essential provision for cattle housing?
the food needs to be ready to access, under cover, ensuring that it is not wasted through poor trough or barrier design, make sure there is minimal access for birds and rodents
75
What do we have to consider concerning water as an essential provision for cattle housing?
can all stock access unlimited quantities of clean drinking water all the time
76
What do we have to consider concerning ventilation as an essential provision for cattle housing?
Is ventilation generous throughout your buildings? look for good inlets to bring in fresh air and good outlets for stale air
77
What do we have to consider concerning air space as an essential provision for cattle housing?
does the space exceed the minimum welfare requirements
78
What do we have to consider concerning lighting as an essential provision for cattle housing?
is the current lighting sufficient to ensure all cattle can be inspected day or night
79
What do we have to consider concerning handling facilities as an essential provision for cattle housing?
are these adequate for safe and easy handling of all categories of stock that need to managed
80
What do we have to consider concerning equipment condition as an essential provision for cattle housing?
regular inspections? maintain barriers and gates, pens, floors etc. to ensure stress free handling and avoid injury to staff or stock
81
What do we have to consider concerning capacity as an essential provision for cattle housing?
Do you have sufficient capacity to meet routine needs such as quarantine and to deal with crises, such as infections
82
typical daily time eating for lactating dairy cow?
3-5 hours
83
how many meals does a lactating dairy cow have a day?
9-14 meals per day
84
typical daily time lying/resting for lactating dairy cow?
12-14 hours
85
typical daily time for social interaction for lactating dairy cow?
2-3 hours
86
typical daily time ruminating for lactating dairy cow?
7-10 hours
87
typical daily time drinking for lactating dairy cow?
0.5 hours
88
typical daily time non housing time (milking, travel time) for lactating dairy cow?
2.5 - 3.5 hours
89
which is more important when decreasing airborne bacterial/viral density, Space allowance or ventilation?
space allowance A tenfold increase in ventilation rate is only 2/3 as effective as doubling the airspace
90
tenfold?
ten times greater
91
what determines 90% of bacterial and viral load?
stocking density
92

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