Causes of..... Flashcards
What are four causes of raised Neutrophils?
Bacterial Infection
Inflammation
Acute Illness
Myeloid Leukaemia
What are seven causes of lowered Neutrophils?
Viral Infection Sepsis Drugs (chemo, steroids, carbimazole) Splenomegaly Bone Marrow Failure Low B12 or Folate Autoimmune Disease
What are three causes of raised Lymphocytes?
Viral Infection
Inflammation
Lymphocytic Leukaemia
What are five causes of lowered Lymphocytes?
Steroids Chemotherapy HIV Autoimmune Disease Bone Marrow Failure
What are four causes of raised Eosinophils?
Parasitic/Fungal Infection
Asthma
Atopy
Lymphoma
What are six causes of raised Platelets?
Inflammation Infection Acute Illness Recovery from Splenectomy Essential Thrombocytosis Polycythemia Rubra Vera
What are seven causes of lowered Platelets?
Heparin (5% of Patients) Idiopathic Thrombopaenic Purpura Chronic Alcoholism Bone Marrow Failure DIC Viral Infections Splenomegaly
What are five causes of raised INR?
Warfarin Liver Disease DIC Deficiency of Factors II, V, VII or X Heparin
What are seven causes of raised APPTTr?
Heparin Haemophillia A&B von Willebrand Disease DIC Deficiency of Factors II, V, VII, IX, X, XI or XII Liver Disease Warfarin
What are three causes of raised INR and APTTr?
DIC
Liver Disease
Warfarin
What are three causes of raised Urea?
Dehydration
Excess Protein Intake eg. Upper GI Bleed
Acute Illness
What are two causes of raised Creatinine?
Renal Failure (acute, chronic, acute on chronic) Muscle Injury
What causes a raised Urea and Creatinine?
Renal Failure - check K+ and ECG
What are ten causes of Hyperkalaemia?
Renal Failure Diuretics ACEi Excess K+ - oral or IV Acidosis Trauma Burns Haemolysed Sample Addison's Disease Large Blood Transfusion
What are nine causes of Hypokalaemia?
Vomiting Diarrhoea Diuretics Hypovolaemia Alkalosis Steroids & Cushing's Inadequate Replacement in Fluids Renal Disease Conn's
What are two causes of Hypernatraemia?
Fluid Loss (eg. diarrhoea, burns, fever, glycosuria eg. diabetes0 Excess Sodium (excess 0.9% Saline, Conn's)
What are three classes of Hyponatraemia and their causes?
Hypovolaemic - D&V, burns, fluid sequestration (pertonitis/pancreatitis), insufficient fluid intake, excess renal loss
Normovolaemic - excess 5% glucose or oral fluids, hypothyroidism, SIADH (malignancy, chest infectionm stroke, trauma, opiates, antipsychotics), liver failure
Oedematous - HF, renal failure & nephrotic syndrome, liver failure
What is the cause of raised Bilirubin (un), raised Reticulocytes and lowered Hb?
Pre-Hepatic Jaundice:
Haemolysis
Gilbert’s Syndrome
What is the cause of raised Bilirubin (mixed), raised ALT/AST, raised GGT?
Hepatic Jaundice: Liver Disease Alcohol Pancreatitis MI
What is the cause of raised Bilirubin (con), raised ALP?
Cholestatic Jaundice:
Biliary Disease
Alcohol
Pregnency
What is the cause of significantly raised AST/ALT, raised GGT, raised ALP?
Hepatocellular Damage:
Paracetamol Toxicity
Hepatic Infarction
What is the cause of raised Bilirubin, raised INR, lowered Albumin?
Alcoholism
What is the cause of significantly raised Amylase, lowered Calcium, raised Glucose and significantly raised CRP?
Pancreatitis
What is the primary cause of Mitral Stenosis?
Rheumatic Heart Disease
