Causes of Cell Injury

Question 1

The study of the cause of disease

Answer 1

Etiology

Question 2

The study of the sequence of events from initiation (cause) to the conclusion of a disease process

Answer 2

Pathogenesis

Question 3

In understanding pathogenesis it is essential to:

Answer 3

Identify the cause and the host response/tissue reaction Determine the significance

Question 4

What does VINDICATE stand for?

Answer 4

Vascular Infection/Inflammatory/Immune-mediated Neoplasm Drugs Iatrogenic Congenital/Developmental/Inherited Anatomic Trauma Environmental Exposure/Endocrine

Question 5

What does DAMMIT stand for?

Answer 5

Degenerative Autoimmune Metabolic Nutritional, neoplastic Inflammatory, idiopathic, iatrogenic Trauma

Question 6

Refers to damage or pathologic alterations in molecules and structure that can occur in cells and extracellular components

Answer 6

Cell Injury

Question 7

Causes of Cell Injury

Answer 7

1. Oxygen Deprivation
2. Physical injury
3. Chemical Injury
4. Infectious agents
5. Nutritional imbalances
6. Genetic
7. immunologic reactions and dysfunction
8. Aging

Question 8

Inadequate oxygenation of tissues [a type of oxygen deprivation]

Answer 8

Hypoxia

Question 9

Decrease of Blood supply in tissues [type of oxygen deprivation]

Answer 9

Ischemia

Question 10

Absence of oxygen in tissues

Answer 10

Anoxia

Question 11

Decrease in the number of red blood cells (RBC) in blood, or decrease in blood volume, or RBC are deficient in hemoglobin

Answer 11

Anemia

Question 12

Toxicosis due to blockage of cell respiratory enzymes

Answer 12

Cyanide Toxicosis

Question 13

What are the types of Oxygen Deprivation

Answer 13

Hypoxia Ischemia Anoxia Anemia CO2 Toxicity Cyanide toxicosis

Question 14

Sorghum spp [Johnson grass, sudan grass, common sorghum]

Answer 14

Cause Cyanide Toxicity

Question 15

List examples of Physical Injury [cells]

Answer 15

Direct mechanical trauma temperature extremes Electrical Trauma Radiation Sudden changes in pressure

Question 16

The physical agent Trauma causes what effect on the cells?

Answer 16

Direct rupture or death of large number of cells. Damage to blood supply to cells

Question 17

The physical agent Extreme Heat has what effect on cells?

Answer 17

Denatures essential cell enzymes and other proteins

Question 18

The physical agent excessive heat has what effect on cells?

Answer 18

Can increase the rate of metabolic reactions so that substrates, H2O and pH changes reach lethal levels

Question 19

The physical agent Electricity has what effect on cells?

Answer 19

Generates great heat as it passes through tissue Alters conduction to nerves and muscle

Question 20

The physical agent Ionization radiation has what effect on cells?

Answer 20

Causes ionization of cellular water with production of highly reactive “free radical”

Question 21

Physical Agent Radiation effect?

Answer 21

Many forms may damage genetic material producing reproductive cell death of cells, genetic defects, neoplasia

Question 22

How does the Physical Agent Metazoan parasites effect cells?

Answer 22

Hahaha: Trick Question- Metazoan an parasites are a Biologic Agent not a Physical Agent!

Question 23

Examples of Physical Injury

Answer 23

Puncture Wounds

Lacerations

Ruptured tissue d/t blunt force trauma

Question 24

Examples of Temperature Extremes

Answer 24

Heat: Heat stroke, sunstroke, fever, thermal burns

Cold: local tissue freezing, (frostbite), cold shock

Question 25

Effects of Extreme Cold

Answer 25

Marked Hemorrhage and Edema Impairs blood flow Intracellulat ice crystals rupture cell membranes

Question 26

List Chemical, Drugs and Toxins That Can Cause Cell Injury

Answer 26

Inorganic Poisons Chemicals Physiologic Compounds Organic Poisons Plant Toxins Animal Toxins Mycotoxins

Question 27

Answer 27

Species: Sheep Tissue: Kidneys, Liver, Urine, Spleen, Fat Morphologic DX: Acute pigmentary nephrosis with hepatic degeneration and icterus Etiologic DX: COPPER POISONING Lesion or DX Name: Copper toxicity

Question 28

Biologic Infectious Agents

Answer 28

Acellualr agents: viruses, prions Prokaryotes: Bacteria, chlamydia, rickettsiae, mycoplasma Eularyotes: Fungi, Protozoa Metazoan parasites: Cestodes, nematodes, trematodes, insects

Question 29

How do Viruses Cause Cell Damage?

Answer 29

May shut down protein synthesis in host cells and/or by inducing increased membrane permeability and Ca2+ entry Can stimulate cytotoxic T-cells that kill infected cells Can induce apoptosis

Question 30

Feline Infectious Peritonitis is an Example of a Viral Disease

Answer 30

TRUE

Question 31

How does the Infectious Agent Bacteria cause cell damage

Answer 31

Causes variable degree depending on the type of bacteria They produce toxins [Exotoxins, Cytotoxins, Endotoxins] Damage caused by cytotoxins or inflammatory response

Question 32

Produced by Clstridium spp., releases phospholipase that cause membrane damage

Answer 32

Exotoxin

Question 33

Produced by Shigella spp., E.coli, and Salmonella spp.

Answer 33

Cytotoxins

Question 34

Produced by Gram Negative bacteria from their cell walls upon death and are directl toxic to membranes

Answer 34

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

Question 35

Answer 35

Species: Pig, immature Tissue: Skin, gross Morphologic DX: Acute multifocal infected dermatitis Etiologic DX: ERYSIPELAS DUE TO ERYSIPELOTHRIX RHUSIOPATHIAE Lesion or DX Name: Diamond skin disease

Question 36

Answer 36

Species: Bovine Tissue: Fetal skin, head Morphologic DX: Aborted Fetus Etiologic DX: MYCOTIC ABORTION

Question 37

Answer 37

Species: cow, adult Tissue: liver, gross Morphologic DX: Hydatid disease, Echinococcus granulosa tapeworm cysts Etiologic DX: HYDATID DISEASE, ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSA TAPEWORM CYSTS

Question 38

Answer 38

Species: Bovine, adult Tissue: Liver, cut surface Morphologic DX: Chronic fibrosis and regeneration Etiologic DX: CHRONIC FASCIOLIASIS (FLUKES)

Question 39

Answer 39

Species: Horse, adult Tissue: Intestinal mucosa, gross Morphologic DX: Contraction bands associated with aberrant bot attachments Etiologic DX: GASTROPHILUS SPP. BOTS

Question 40

What are example of nutritional deficiencies and inbalances

Answer 40

Deficiency: calories or proteins Excess \*Vitamin and mineral imbalances * Vitamin E/Selenium deficiency * Copper deficiency, Copper excess

Question 41

Answer 41

Vit. E deficiency Epatocellular necrosis in pigs [hepatosis dietetica]

Question 42

Genetic Derangement * Mutations * What is the genetic derangement seein in Bedlington Terrier dogs and what does it induce?

Answer 42

Deletion of MURR1 causes genetic Derangement and it induces hepatocyte necrosis

Question 43

What type of special stained is used to test for copper?

Answer 43

Rhodanine

Question 44

How does Copper effect the cell?

Answer 44

Excess copper increases free radicals--\> lipid peroxdation and cell membrane damage occurs [copper does not cause hepatitis in BT until conc. reach 2000 ppm dw

Question 45

Examples of Immunologic reactions and dysfunctions

Answer 45

1. Complement-mediated hemolysis in autoimmune hemolytic anema (dogs) 2. T-Lymphocyte induced cell apoptosis in viral infection

Question 46

True or False: Cell injury can be reversible or irreversible

Answer 46

TRUE

Question 47

Cell Response to injury depends on:

Answer 47

Type of Injury Duration Severity

Question 48

Consequences depend on....

Answer 48

Type Status Adaptability Genetic Makeup