Cell Adaptation

Question 1

Occurs when the cell homeostasis is distorted by stresses or pathologic stimuli

Answer 1

Cell adaptation

Question 2

Tendency to stability in the normal body states of the organism; it is the ability to maintain equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes

Answer 2

Homeostasis

Question 3

True or False: Cell Adaptation is a reversible change

Answer 3

TRUE

Question 4

True or False: In cell adaptation, cells preserve viability and function

Answer 4

TRUE

Question 5

What are the principle responses of adaptation?

Answer 5

1. Atrophy 2. Hypertrophy 3. Hyperplasia 4. Metaplasia 5. Dysplasia

Question 6

Decrease in size abd/or number of the cells and their metabolic activity after normal growth has been reached.

Cells are not dead.

Answer 6

Atrophy

Question 7

Atrophy is a _____ in protein synthesis and an ______ in protein degradation in cells

Answer 7

Atrophy is a decrease in protein synthesis and an increase in protein degradation of cells

Question 8

Causes of Atrophy

Answer 8

• Decrease work load
• Denervation
• Decreased blood spply or oxygen
• Inadequate nutrition
• Loss of endocrine stimulation
• Aging

Question 9

• Muscle disuse in a limb that is in a cast
• Sedentary
• Atrophy of adrenal cortex by reduction of ACTH stimulation [steroid therapy]
• Atrophy in tissues adjacent to a tumor due to pressure an compromised blood supply

Answer 9

Examples of Atrophy

Question 10

Identify

Answer 10

Serous Atrophy of fat

Question 11

Increased size of cells and their functions

• synthesis of more organelles and structural proteins: bigger cells

Answer 11

Hypertrophy

Question 12

Where is hypertrophy more common?

Answer 12

In cells with little replication

[stable or permanent cells: cardiomyocytes, neurons]

Question 13

Answer 13

Hypertrophic pregnant uterus

9example of physiologic hypertrophy]

Question 14

Examples of Pathologic Hypertrophy

Answer 14

Cardiac hypertrophy from hypertension or aortic valve disease

Question 15

Answer 15

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

the shape of the heart becomes globulus

Question 16

How much larger can the left ventricle be normally?

Answer 16

Up to 3 times the thickness of the right ventricle

Question 17

How much should a heart weigh in comparison to body weight?

Answer 17

No more than 0.03% of the body weight of the animal

Question 18

Increase in a number of cells of an organ

Answer 18

Hyperplasia

[in cells capable of replication]

Question 19

Physiological examples of Hyperplasia

Answer 19

Hormonal- breast during pregnancy

Compensatory: hepatectomy

Question 20

Pathological Hyperplasia is most commonly caused by:

Answer 20

Excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation

Question 21

Pathological Hyperplasia Examples

Answer 21

Epidermal Thickening due to repeated irritation

Respiratory mucosa in viral infections

Question 22

Change in phenotype of a differentiated cell

Answer 22

Metaplasia

Question 23

Metaplasia is a response to:

Answer 23

Chronic irritation►cell withstands stress

Question 24

Metaplasia can result in ____ function or _____ propensity for malignant transformation [neoplasia]

Answer 24

Metaplasia can result in _decreased _functions or increased propensity for malignant transormation [neoplasia]

Question 25

Metaplasia is most often seen in what kind of cells?

Answer 25

Epithelial cells

Question 26

Can metaplasia be reversible?

Answer 26

YES- if the cause is removed

Question 27

Examples of Metaplasia

Answer 27

Chronic irritation in lungs Vit-A deficiency Estrogen toxicity In mammary tumors

Question 28

Refers to abnormal development, mostly in epithelial cells, term mostly used in neoplastic processes

Answer 28

Dysplasia