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GCSE Biology (Edexcel Higher) > CB1, CB2: Key Concepts & Cells > Flashcards

CB1, CB2: Key Concepts & Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What organelles are found in animal cells, and what are their functions?

A
  • Ribosomes (synthesise proteins)
  • cell membrane (controls what enters and exits the cell)
  • cytoplasm (where chemical reactions take place)
  • nucleus (controls the cell and contains DNA)
  • mitochondria (where aerobic respiration takes place)
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2
Q

What organelles are found in plant cells, and what are their functions?

A
  • Nucleus (controls the cell and contains DNA)
  • cellulose cell wall (provides strength and support
  • cell membrane (controls what enters and exits the cell)
  • cytoplasm (where chemical reactions take place)
  • chloroplasts (where photosynthesis takes place)
  • permanent vacuole (cell sap storage)
  • mitochondria (where aerobic respiration takes place)
  • ribosomes (synthesise proteins)
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3
Q

Total magnification = ?

A

eyepiece lens * objective lens

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4
Q

magnification

A

the process of enlarging an image

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5
Q

What is the resolution?

A

the ability to distinguish between two points

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6
Q

Image size = ?

A

actual size * total magnification

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7
Q

How is a sperm cell specialised?

A
  • streamlined shape - easier to swim
  • acrosome - contains special enzymes to penetrate the egg
  • midpiece - contains mitochondria to release lots of energy
  • haploid nucleus
  • tail - it can swim
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8
Q

How is an egg cell specialised?

A
  • contains nutrients for an embryo in the cytoplasm
  • its cell membrane becomes strong once it has been fertilised so that it cannot be fertilised twice
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9
Q

How is a ciliated epithelial cell specialised?

A
  • the cells have many cilia (little hairs) to sweep mucus along the trachea
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10
Q

What’s the difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bound organelles (eg: nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts)

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11
Q

What are the features of a bacterial cell?

A
  • prokaryotic
  • flagellum enables it to swim
  • plasma membrane
  • capsule - often associated with pathogens
  • plasmid - small extra bit of DNA which can replicate independantly
  • nucleoid - region in the cell containing most of the DNA
  • pili - hollow hair-like appendages which allow it to attach to other cells
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12
Q

What does a salivary gland do?

A

produces saliva, which contains enzymes

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13
Q

oesophagus

A

carries food from the mouth to the stomach

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14
Q

liver

A

breaks down fats and old blood cells

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15
Q

gallbladder

A

stores bile

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16
Q

stomach

A

churns the food

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17
Q

pancreas

A

produces enzymes

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18
Q

small intestine

A

absorbs small food particles

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19
Q

large intestine

A

absorbs excess water into the body

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20
Q

rectum

A

stores waste before it exits

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21
Q

anus

A

the way out

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22
Q

physical digestion

A

breaking large pieces of food into small pieces of food (eg: stomach churning food)

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23
Q

chemical digestion

A

breaking down large molecules (eg: starch) into small molecules (eg: glucose). Requires enzymes - biological catalysts

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24
Q

protease

A

breaks protein down into amino acids

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25
Q

lipase

A

breaks lipids (fats) down into fatty acids and glycerol

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26
Q

amylase

A

breaks down starch into glucose

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27
Q

bile

A

emulsifies fats

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28
Q

enzymes are…

A

biological catalysts

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29
Q

enzymes are sensitive to…

A

pH and high temperature

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30
Q

Lock and key model

A

The substrate fits into the active site because it is specific and has a complementary shape.

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31
Q

Diffusion

A

moving a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (along the concentration gradient)

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32
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a semi-permiable membrane. Affected by the presence of salt.

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33
Q

Active transport

A

movement of ions against the concentration gradient.

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34
Q

concentration gradient

A

moving from an area with high concentration to an area with low concentration

35
Q

Fick’s law

A

rate of diffusion = (concentration gradient * SA)/membrane thickness

36
Q

diploid cell

A

a cell with two of every chromosome

37
Q

haploid cell

A

a cell with half the number of chromosomes

38
Q

What does mitosis produce?

A

two genetically identical daughter cells

39
Q

Why does mitosis take place?

A

Cells need to divide for growth and repair

40
Q

What process creates more sperm and egg cells?

A

Meiosis

41
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A
  1. Growth
  2. DNA synthesis: DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome
  3. Mitosis
42
Q

How does asexual reproduction work?

A

It uses mitosis

43
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

(I)PMATC

  • Interphase
  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telephase (cytokenesis)
44
Q

Interphase is…

A

when each chromosome is copied

45
Q

prophase is…

A

when the nucleus gets dismantled

46
Q

metaphase is…

A

when the chromosomes line up in the centre

47
Q

anaphase is…

A

when the chromosomes seperate

48
Q

telephase/cytokenesis is…
How are plant cells different?

A

The chromosomes reach the poles in telophase.
The cells seperate in cytokenesis - plants don’t do this

49
Q

Why is there controversy around stem cells?

A
  • Some Christians are against embryonic stem cell use because they believe life begins at conception
50
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

In plants: meristems
In humans/animals: embryos, (can also be found in most parts of the body, but can only specialise into the surrounding tissue)

51
Q

Why are embryonic stem cells really useful?

A

They can specialise into anything

52
Q

Explain growth percentiles

A

20th percentile: lowest 20%
80th percentile: lowest 80%/top 20%
50th percentile: completely average; lowest 50%, highest 50%

53
Q

reflex actions

A

automatic actions that don’t require conscious thought

54
Q

cerebral cortex

A

The largest part of the brain. Made of hemispheres. Covered by grey matter called cerebral which is important for intelligence.
* language
* memory
* thought
* reason
* learning
*consciousness

55
Q

cerebellum

A

The second largest part of the brain. Rear lower part of the brain. Impulses for coordinated movement.
* balance
* movement coordination
* vision
* posture

56
Q

medulla oblongata

A

Connects brain stem to the brain. Controls coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and hiccuping. Vital for essential bodily functions.
* heartbeat
* breathing
* vomiting
* maintaining blood pressure

57
Q

Pros and cons of CT scans

A

Machine using X-rays from multiple angles to create a cross-section.
* only scans tissues and organs
* can damage DNA
* dye used can cause kidney problems

58
Q

Pros and cons of PET scans

A

Patient ingests radioactive glucose. The machine detects photons emmitted by this.
* can show what is working and what is not
* helps check for cancer
* checks for abnormalities
* radiation exposure

59
Q

Spinal cord damage treatment

A

Surgery:
* remove fluid or tissue that presses on the spinal cord
* remove bone fragments, disc fragments, or foreign objects
* fuse broken bones
* place spinal braces

60
Q

What are neurones also known as?

A

nerves

61
Q

sensory neurone

A

from sensory receptor to brain and spinal cord.
the “input”

62
Q

synapse

A

the functional gap between neurones

63
Q

motor neurones

A

from brain and spine to muscles and glands
the “output”

64
Q

intermediate neurones

A

carry information between neurones - only found in the brain or in the spinal cord

65
Q

What is the reflex arc?

A

Stimulus -> Receptor -> Sensory neurone -> Central nervous system (CNS) -> Motor neurone -> Effector -> Response

66
Q

What is the formula for average speed?

A

Speed = distance/time

67
Q

Why are reflexes faster?

A

There’s a shorter distance.
S=D/T

68
Q

How does the mammalian eye get light into impulses?

A

Photoreceptors function as transducers in converting the energy of light stimuli into the code of the nervous impulse.

69
Q

transducer

A

turns energy from one form to another

70
Q

What are the two kinds of photoreceptors in the mammalian eye?

A

Rods and cones

71
Q

What are rods for?

A

“Night vision”

72
Q

What are cones for?

A

“Colour vision”

73
Q

cornea

A

protective layer over the pupil

74
Q

pupil

A

hole which lets in light

75
Q

sclera

A

stops too much light getting in

76
Q

iris

A

expands or contracts the pupil - changes the APERTURE

77
Q

Why is the back of the eye black?

A

It absorbs colour

78
Q

Why is the sclera white?

A

otherwise it would let in too much light

79
Q

When there is bright light, what size does the pupil become and why?

A

Small to lower the amount of light reaching the photoreceptors

80
Q

When there is low light, what size does the pupil become and why?

A

Large to increase the amount of light reaching the photoreceptors

81
Q

What shape is the lens in the eye? What does it try to do?

A

Biconvex (converging)
Focusses light onto the fovea centralis

82
Q

What does a thin lens do?

A

Bends light less, and causes longsightedness

83
Q

What does a fat lens do?

A

Bends light more, and causes shortsightedness

84
Q

circular muscles…
radial muscles…

A

circular muscles - contract during pupil constriction, and relax during dilation
radial muscles - contract in dilation, and relax in constriction

GCSE Biology (Edexcel Higher) (3 decks)

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