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GCSE Biology (Edexcel Higher) > CB4: Natural Selection and Genetic Modification > Flashcards

CB4: Natural Selection and Genetic Modification Flashcards

1
Q

What is evolution?

A

change over time

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2
Q

Who came up with the idea of evolution by natural selection?

A

Charles Darwin

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3
Q

Who was Wallace?

A

An Australian man with similar ideas to Darwin at a similar time

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4
Q

What was Lamarkism?

A

the idea of evolution by acquired characteristics (animals change themselves). There’s no way to explain it.

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5
Q

What is Darwinism?

A

the idea that evolution occurs by natural selection - survival of the fittest (those who suit or adapt to suit conditions will survive). Evolution is so slow you wouldn’t notice it. Thought the Earth was around 3.8bn years old - not too far off the truth.

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6
Q

What is the tree of life?

A

The idea that all life comes from LUCA (last universal common ancestor)

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7
Q

What is LUCA?

A

the Last Universal Common Ancestor

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8
Q

What are the causes of extinction?

A
  • competition
  • environment
  • diseases
  • predators
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9
Q

What did Darwin observe?

A
  • living things produce more offspring than end up surviving
  • population sizes are mostly constant
  • variation
  • characteristics are passed on
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10
Q

phylogentic tree

A

“family tree” of evolution

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11
Q

Extant

A

living species

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12
Q

Extinct

A

dead species

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13
Q

fossil evidence -> archaeology

A

very old -> old

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14
Q

Closest relative to modern humans?

A

Homo Neanderthal/H. Neanderthal

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15
Q

Common ancestor with H. Neanderthal?

A

H. Erectus

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16
Q

What did H. Erectus evolve into in Europe, and what did they evolve into in Africa?

A

In Europe: H. Erectus -> H. Neanderthal
In Africa: H. Erectus -> H. Sapien

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17
Q

Archaeology

A

Remains with bones.
Helps to work out behaviours (eg: diet from stool)

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18
Q

What can teeth tell us?

A

what you ate

19
Q

What can footprints tell us?

A

Behaviour - footprints in volcanic ash

20
Q

What can brain size tell us?

A

brains were bigger, then they got smaller

21
Q

What is the study of classification?

A

Taxonomy

22
Q

Who invented classification?

A

Linnaeus

23
Q

Heirarchy

A

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

24
Q

What are the domains?

A

archae, eukaryote, prokaryotes

25
Q

What’s the oldest domain?

A

Archae

26
Q

What are the kingdoms?

A

animals, plants, funghi, bacteria, protists

27
Q

How do we name organisms?

A

Genus species (eg: Homo erectus, H. erectus)

28
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

When organisms evolve seperately to be similar

29
Q

How can we tell if things are the same species?

A

Can their offspring reproduce?

30
Q

What makes a plant a plant?

A

cellulose cell wall, photosynthesis

31
Q

What makes funghi funghi?

A

chitin cell wall, no photosynthesis

32
Q

What makes animals animals?

A

no cell wall, must eat

33
Q

What makes bacteria bacteria?

A

no nucleus

34
Q

artificial selection

A

selective breeding
can cause monoculture and health problems (eg: pugs’ breathing & bulldogs’ feet)

35
Q

What is monoculture and why can it be a problem?

A

When everything is the same
No variation - a disease could wipe out everything

36
Q

Genepool

A

all the alleles and genes within a breeding population

37
Q

tissue culture

A

taking plant pieces (cuttings) and growing larger versions of them (eg: lavender, roses)

This is a form of cloning

38
Q

Why can cloning plants be good?

A
  • don’t need seeds or pollinators
  • make whole plants from one cell
  • useful for GM
  • reduced chances of transmitting pests and diseases (produced in sterile containers)
  • plants can grow which would struggle to reproduce naturally
39
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

altering an organism’s genome

40
Q

Why can it be useful?

A
  • protein can be produced synthetically
  • insulin can be made synthetically (allows for Muslims and Jewish people to use it)
41
Q

What is a vector?

A

a plasmid carrying DNA from one cell to another

42
Q

How does genetic engineering work?

A
  1. Restriction enzymes cut the DNA at specific sites
  2. They leave complementary sticky ends where the bases are exposed
  3. Ligase enzyme helps to stick it back together
43
Q

How is insulin made?

A
  1. The gene which codes for insulin is cut from human DNA using a restriction enzyme
  2. a plasmid is removed from a bacterial cell
  3. the plasmic is cut with a specific and complementary enzyme (the same one which cut the human DNA). This leaves complementary sticky ends.
  4. The sticky ends are joined with the enzyme ligase. A recombinant plasmid has just been made.
44
Q
A

GCSE Biology (Edexcel Higher) (3 decks)

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