CB5 Health And Disease

Question 1

What is health

Answer 1

A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing

Question 2

What is meant by the term communicable diseases?

Answer 2

Diseases that can be passed from organism to organism

Question 3

What is meant by the term non-communicable disease

Answer 3

Diseases that are not passed from organism to organism

Question 4

What is a pathogen

Answer 4

A microorganism that causes diseases

Question 5

What are the four pathogens

Answer 5

Bacterium, virus, protist, fungi

Question 6

How does a bacterium pathogen make you feel ill

Answer 6

It releases toxins that makes us feel ill and some types of bacteria invade and destroy body cells

Question 7

How does a virus pathogen make you feel ill

Answer 7

Viruses take over the body cells DNA causing the cell to make toxins or causing damage when new viruses are released from cells

Question 8

What type of pathogen is cholera

Answer 8

Bacterium

Question 9

What are the symptoms of cholera

Answer 9

Watery pale coloured diarrhoea often in large amounts

Question 10

What type of pathogen is malaria

Answer 10

Protist

Question 11

What are the symptoms of malaria

Answer 11

Fever, weakness and chills, sweating

Question 12

What type of pathogen is HIV

Answer 12

Virus

Question 13

What are the symptoms of HIV

Answer 13

Flu-like symptoms, often no symptoms for a long time

Question 14

What type of pathogen is tuberculosis

Answer 14

Bacterium

Question 15

What are the symptoms of tuberculosis

Answer 15

Lung damage seen in blood speckled mucus, weight loss, fever and chills, night sweats

Question 16

What type of pathogen is chalara ash die back

Answer 16

Fungus

Question 17

What are the symptoms of chalara ash die back

Answer 17

Leaf loss, bark lesions, dieback of the top of the tree

Question 18

How is cholera spread

Answer 18

Water

Question 19

How can cholera be prevented

Answer 19

Boil water to kill bacteria before drinking, wash hands thoroughly after using the toilet to prevent spread by touch

Question 20

How is tuberculosis spread

Answer 20

Airborne

Question 21

How to prevent the spread of tuberculosis

Answer 21

Ventilate buildings to reduce the chance of breathing in bacteria in droplets of mucus coughed out by an infected person, diagnose infected people promptly and give antibiotics to kill TB, isolate infected people

Question 22

How is malaria spread

Answer 22

Mosquito as a vector

Question 23

How to prevent the spread of malaria

Answer 23

Killing mosquitoes and using nets

Question 24

How is chalara ash die back spread

Answer 24

Airborne

Question 25

How to prevent the spread of chalara ash die back

Answer 25

Remove infected trees

Question 26

How is chlamydia and HIV spread

Answer 26

Contact with sexual fluid or mother to foetus

Question 27

What type of pathogen is chlamydia

Answer 27

Bacterial

Question 28

How are STIs prevented

Answer 28

Condoms, screening blood and people, sterile needles (HIV), antibiotics(chlamydia)

Question 29

What are examples of physical barriers

Answer 29

Mucus, cilia and skin

Question 30

What are examples of chemical defences

Answer 30

Lysozyme and hydrochloric acid

Question 31

How is mucus a barrier

Answer 31

It is sticky in the breathing passages and lungs and traps pathogens

Question 32

How is cilia a barrier

Answer 32

It moves the mucus that traps pathogens away from the lungs

Question 33

How is skin a barrier

Answer 33

It is too thick for pathogens to get through

Question 34

How is lysozyme a defence

Answer 34

Its enzyme in tears kills bacteria by digesting its cell walls

Question 35

How is hydrochloric acid a defence

Answer 35

It kills pathogens in food and drinks

Question 36

Step 1 of the immune system

Answer 36

Each pathogen has a unique antigen on its surface

Question 37

Step 2 of the immune system

Answer 37

A lymphocyte releases an antibody that fits the antigen and is activated

Question 38

Step 3 of the immune system

Answer 38

The lymphocyte divides many times to produce clones of identical lymphocytes

Question 39

Step 4 of the immune system

Answer 39

Some of the lymphocytes produce lots of antibodies that stick to the pathogen and destroy it, others stay in the blood as memory lymphocytes ready to respond if the same antigen returns

Question 40

What is an antigen

Answer 40

A protein on the surface of a pathogen

Question 41

What is an antibody

Answer 41

A protein produced by lymphocytes that attaches to a specific antigen on a microorganism and helps destroy or neutralise it

Question 42

What is a lymphocyte

Answer 42

A white blood cell that produces antibodies to kill antigens

Question 43

What is a memory lymphocytes

Answer 43

They can recognise an antigen introduced into the body from a prior vaccination or infection

Question 44

How do vaccines work step 1

Answer 44

Dead or weakened antigens from the pathogen are inserted

Question 45

How do vaccines work step 2

Answer 45

The persons lymphocytes produce antibodies against the pathogen and memory lymphocytes to respond if the pathogen returns

Question 46

How do vaccines work step 3

Answer 46

If the real antigen returns the memory lymphocytes will give a rapid secondary response

Question 47

How do antibiotics work

Answer 47

They kill bacteria inside the body

Question 48

Why do antibiotics only kill bacterial diseases

Answer 48

They inhibit cell processes in the bacterium but not host organism

Question 49

New medicines development and testing stage 1

Answer 49

Discovery

Question 50

New medicines development and testings stage 2

Answer 50

Pre clinical testing in the lab. Drugs are tested in the lab to make sure it gets into the cells without harming them and damages pathogens inside cells

Question 51

New medicine development and testing stage 3

Answer 51

Clinical testing step 1. A healthy volunteer is given a small dose to ensure it isn’t harmful

Question 52

New medicines development and testing stage 4

Answer 52

Clinical testing step 2. People with the disease are given the drug to test efficacy and optimum dose

Question 53

Factors that affect the risk of developing non communicable diseases

Answer 53

Genes, age, sex, lifestyle, environmental factors

Question 54

How does alcohol cause liver disease

Answer 54

Ethanol is poisonous and is in alcohol. When it is absorbed from the gut and goes down to the liver to be broken down the liver is directly in contact with the toxins in ethanol

Question 55

How does smoking cause cardiovascular disease

Answer 55

Substances in cigarettes can narrow blood vessels

Question 56

Equation for BMI

Answer 56

Kg/metres2

Question 57

Wait:hip ratio

Answer 57

Someone with a high waist hip ratio is more at risk of non communicable diseases

Question 58

What lifestyle changes can tame cardiovascular disease

Answer 58

Stop smoking, loose weight, exercise

Question 59

Pros of lifestyle changes

Answer 59

No side effects, can reduce the chance of other conditions, cheap

Question 60

Cons of lifestyle changes

Answer 60

May take time and not actually work

Question 61

How can medication tame cardiovascular disease

Answer 61

Reduces blood pressure

Question 62

Pros of medication

Answer 62

Starts working immediately, easy, cheap

Question 63

Cons of medication

Answer 63

Needs to be taken long term, side effects, clashes with other medication

Question 64

How can surgery tame cardiovascular disease

Answer 64

A new blood vessel is inserted to bypass blocked coronary arteries

Question 65

Pros of surgery

Answer 65

Long term solution

Question 66

Cons of surgery

Answer 66

Risk of recovery, expensive, difficult, can develop an infection afterwards