CC 1 AND 2

Question 1

traditional markers (7)

Answer 1

fbs
rbs
ogtt
hba1c
aer
acr
gfr

Question 2

disadvantages of traditional DM markers

Answer 2

inconvenient
invasive
time consuming

hgb variants

Question 3

novel DM markers (miRNA)

7

Answer 3

192, 193b, 103

9, 29a

126, 15a

Question 4

novel DM markers (proteins)

2

Answer 4

adiponectin

RBP 4

Question 5

novel DM markers (metabolites)

2

Answer 5

glycine

hydroxybutyrate

Question 6

novel DN inflammatory markers

3

Answer 6

TNF-a
TNF-a receptors
interferon gamma

Question 7

novel DN oxidative stress markers

2

Answer 7

8-OHdG

MDA

Question 8

novel DN renal dysfunction marker

1

Answer 8

KIM-1

Question 9

miRNA elevated during prediabetes

Answer 9

192, 193b

Question 10

miRNA involved in regulation of adipose and glucose metabolism; decreased in prediabetes

Answer 10

103

Question 11

this miRNA can inhibit insulin secretion; elevated in T2DM

Answer 11

9, 29a

Question 12

miRNA involved in endothelial homeostasis, decreased in both prediabetes and T2DM

Answer 12

126

Question 13

this miRNA promotes insulin regulation; decreased in T2DM

Answer 13

15a

Question 14

potential predictive miRNA markers for DM (2)

Answer 14

126, 15a

Question 15

protein that promotes glucose uptake; decreased in T2DM

Answer 15

adiponectin

Question 16

transporter protein for retinol; increased in T2DM

Answer 16

RBP4

Question 17

substrate for gluconeogenesis; decreased in insulin resistance

Answer 17

glycine

Question 18

amino acid metabolite; increased in insulin resistance

Answer 18

hydroxybutyrate

Question 19

promotes chemokine release

Answer 19

TNF-a

Question 20

predictors for ESRD (2)

Answer 20

TNFR1

TNFR2

Question 21

have normal physiologic function but they may also be dangerous if they are present in excessively high levels

Answer 21

reactive oxygen species

Question 22

nucleic acid oxidation product; predictor of DN progression

Answer 22

8-OHdG

Question 23

lipid oxidation product; increased in CKD, T2DM, DN

Answer 23

MDA

Question 24

transmembrane protein on PCT cells; increased in tubular injury

Answer 24

KIM-1

Question 25

berlin criteria for ARDS (3)

Answer 25

- onset of symptoms < 1 week - bilateral opacities w/ pulmonary edema - PF/Horowitz ratio < 300 mmHg

Question 26

alveolar cells type 1 secretes:

Answer 26

sRAGE

Question 27

alveolar cells type 2 secretes: (3)

Answer 27

SP-A SP-B SP-D

Question 28

bronchiolar club cells secretes:

Answer 28

CCSP

Question 29

endothelial cells secretes: (5) | exudative phase

Answer 29

- vWF - sICAM-1 - Ang-1 - Ang-2 - E-selectin

Question 30

pulmonary vascular permeability secretes:

Answer 30

- mini-BALF | - plasma proteins

Question 31

coagulation secretes:

Answer 31

- PAI - protein C - thrombomodulin - urokinase

Question 32

ARDS biomarker that peaks at first day; increased in severe lung dysfunction

Answer 32

sRAGE

Question 33

this protein + IL-8 is considered as a superior performing biomarker in ARDS diagnosis

Answer 33

SP - surfactant protein

Question 34

increased volume of this ARDS biomarker is linked to worsening of clinical outcome

Answer 34

CCSP

Question 35

increased levels of this ARDS biomarker on the 1st 3 days suggests poor clinical outcome

Answer 35

sICAM-1

Question 36

this ARDS biomarker is decreased in ARDS

Answer 36

Ang-1

Question 37

phase of ARDS - first 7 days

Answer 37

exudative phase

Question 38

exudative phase biomarkers

Answer 38

- sRAGE - SP - CCSP - sICAM - Ang-1/2 - E-selectin

Question 39

phase of ARDS - 7th day to recovery

Answer 39

proliferative phase

Question 40

epithelial cells secretes:

Answer 40

KGF and HGF

Question 41

potent mitogens, has poor prognosis

Answer 41

KGF and HGF

Question 42

endothelial cells secretes: (proliferative phase)

Answer 42

VEGF

Question 43

ARDS vs COVID

Answer 43

ARDS - multiple cells - onset < a week - non compliant respiratory system COVID-ARDS - alveolar cells only - 8-14 days onset - compliant respiratory system

Question 44

Best marker in predicting disease severity as it is decreased for fatal patients

Answer 44

total thiol

Question 45

high sensitivity biomarker; capable of distinguishing non-ARDS from severe ARDS patients

Answer 45

ferritin