CCC Flashcards
(25 cards)
Contingency
Circumstance or condition that may or may not happen
The four possible scenarios for globalization
Convergence, specialization, incremental adaptation, and hybridization.
Culture can be seen on these three different levels
Personality, culture, and human nature.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
(from bottom to the top) Physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.
Dual processing theory
It states that humans process information in two different ways; Implicity system and the explicit system .
Homophily
The tedency of people with similair traits to interact more often than interaction with those with dissimilar traits.
There are three different types of homophily
Value homophily (same beliefs and opinions), status homophily (with the same cultural background), and induced homophily (interaction overtime make tend to make people more alike).
The two different approaches to culture
Emic and Etic
Etic
refer to distinctions judged appropriate by the community of scientific observers.
Emic
Distinctions that are significant, meaningful, real, etc etc
Etic approach the steps
1) design a questionaire 2) pre-test the questionaire 3) establish the samples and conduct the survey 4) construct valid measures from the survey findings 5) compare these measures between units 6) use identified differences between cultures to explain differnces in other phenomena
The six dimensions of Hofstede (etic approach)
1) individualism - collectivism
2) power distance
3) uncertainty avoidance
4) masculinity - femininity
5) long-term versus short-term orienation
6) indulgence versus restraint
Second major example of the etic approach (Ronald Inglehart)
1) traditional versus rational-secular authority
2) survival versus self-expression
Modernization (Ronald Inglehart)
Causes a shift from emphasis on tradional authority to secular-rational authority
Post Modernization (Ronald Inglehart)
Causes a shift from emphasis on survival to well-being
Political changes can influence cultural change, the following three dimensions where created by Beugelsdijk and Welzel.
1) collectivism - Individualism
2) Duty - Joy
3) Distrust - Trust
Hermeneutics
The methodology that we think we can get into the heads of other people. (putting yourself in the shoes of the other)
Empathy
The capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing form within their frame of reference.
Institutions
Social structures that have attained a high degree of resilience and are composed of cultural-cognitive, normative and regulative elements that, together with associated activities and resources, provide stability and meaning to social life.
Several types of institutions
1) Regulative institutions; formal and regulations
2) normative institutions: informal norms, values, conventions, practives, custos and taboos.
3) cultural-cognitive institutions; shared beliefs, scripts, heuristics and mental models.
Insititutions can be measured in the following two ranking and distance scores
Rankings; instititutional systems can be measured in some rating from very good to very poor.
Distance scores; the insititutions differ in a number of specified dimensions.
Proviso
Is the Japanese management system in its pure form only applies to regular employees of the larger firms.
Japenese system of management has a couple of nooteworthy charateristics;
1) Lifetime employement
2) Compensation system
3) Employment adjust system
4) Consensus decision-making
Nemawashi
Are informal one-on-one discussions to prepare the fround for decision.
