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Physiology 1 > cell > Flashcards

cell Flashcards

1
Q

The concept of the cell started with the

A

microscopic observations of Robert Hooke of a dead cork tissue in 1665

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2
Q

the first person to observe
living and moving cells under a microscope

A

antoine van leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

differentiate prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells

A

prokaryotic cells consist of a single compartment containing dna, rna, proteins, and small molecules encapsulated by a plasma membrane, enclosed by a cell wall. while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus containing dna and enclosed by plasma membrane. the cytoplasm contains many organelles enclosed by plasma membrane

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4
Q

examples of prokaryotic cell

A

bacteria, blue green algae, pleuropneumonialike organisms

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5
Q

examples of eukaryotic cellss

A

fungus, animal, plant cells

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6
Q

this cell is about 1 um long and no nuclear envelope with circular dna in cytoplasm

A

prokaryotic

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7
Q

this cell is 4um to many cm long, with nuclear envelope and true nucleus and a very long dna organized into chromosome

A

eukaryotic

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8
Q

in eukaryotes, rna is synthesized and processed in ___

A

nucleus

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9
Q

chromatin proteins found in eukaryote that compact and organize DNA into double helix, they also play a role in regulating gene expression

A

histones

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10
Q

serve as a protective barrier and
regulates which materials can pass in or out

A

cell membrane

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11
Q

The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a

A

nuclear membrane

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12
Q

the cytoplasm is separated from the surrounding fluids by a

A

cell membrabe

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13
Q

he substances of the cel

A

protoplasm

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14
Q

comprises 70 – 85% of cell mass, with the exception of adipocytes, and contains
dissolved molecules, suspended particulates, and membrane

A

water

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15
Q

ions that are significant within the cell

A

Potassium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfate, bicarbonate

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16
Q

ions that are less significant withn the cell

A

na, cl, ca

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17
Q

compose 10 – 20% of the cell mass

A

proteins

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18
Q

what are the structural proteins

A

filaments and microtubules (polymeric proteins)

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19
Q

individual, soluble molecules that
catalyze actions required for cellular function

A

globular proteins

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20
Q

the most significant lipid

A

phospholipids and cholesterol

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21
Q

Form cell membranes and intracellular membrane barriers

A

lipids

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22
Q

e the fat stored by adipocytes as an energy source

A

triglycerides

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23
Q

s comprising 1 – 6% of cell mass, depending upon cell type

A

carbohydrates

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24
Q

carbohydrate that is readily available in extracellular fluid

A

dissolved glucose

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25
Q

, a glucose polymer is found intracellularly

A

glycogen

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26
Q

A selective membrane that encloses the cell . It is a thin, elastic structure approximately 7.5
– 10 nm thick.

A

cell membrane

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27
Q

General functions of plasma membranes

A
  1. Selective permeability and transport
  2. Synthesis and detoxification
  3. Energy transduction
  4. Conduction of electrical impulse
  5. Insulation
  6. Intracellular communication
  7. Cell- to-cell adhesion and recognition
  8. Compartmentalization of cell
  9. Cell movement
  10. Site of hormone and neurotransmitter receptors
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28
Q

composition of cell membrane

A

 55% proteins
 25% phospholipids
 13% cholesterol
 4% other lipids
 3% carbohydrates

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28
Q

it makes the membrane more fluid

A

unsaturated fatty acid with double bonds

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29
Q

a portion of the lipid bilayer that is pointed inwards and made up of fattu acids

A

hydrophobic tail

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29
Q

it makes the membrane lipid less fluid

A

saturated fatty acid without double bonds

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30
Q

a portion of the lipid bilayer adjacent t the extracellular and intracellular water and made up of phosphates

A

hydrophilic head

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30
Q

properties of membrane lipids

A

undergoes lateral diffusion
capable of transverse motion
asymmetry in distribution
passive permeability

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30
Q

This property of membrane lipids
is responsible for the fluidity of the membrane

A

undergoes lateral diffusion

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31
Q

Passive permeability and degree of fluidity is
influenced by

A

the type of fatty acid associated with the membrane lipid

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32
Q

may also reduce membrane fluidity and
permeability, and increase membrane rigidity and strength

A

cholesterol dissolved in lipid bilayer

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32
Q

it constitutes a barrier against movement of water molecules and water-soluble substances between the extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments.

A

lipid bilayer

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33
Q

he cell membrane contains many globular proteins many of which are

A

glycoproteins

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34
Q

responsible for most of the functional behavior of the cell membrane which include
permeability and transport of substances, intracellular communication and some antigenic
characteristics of the cell.

A

membrane proteins

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35
Q

These proteins are embedded in the lipids and some cross the
entire membrane

A

intrinsic or integral membrane

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36
Q

-these act like gates that allow substances
to go into/out of cell

A

intrinsic or integral membrane

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37
Q

Proteins that
are found along the edge of the membrane (inside
or outside);

A

extrinsic or peripheral proteins

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38
Q

-these serve as receptors for hormones;
entire complex moves into cell

A

extrinsic or peripheral proteins

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39
Q

Unique property of membrane proteins

A

the membrane proteins undergo lateral movement (10-9 to 10-11 cm2/sec)

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40
Q

occur in combination with proteins or lipids, in the form of
glycoproteins or glycolipids .

A

membrane carbohydrates

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41
Q

Most of the integral proteins that we mentioned are

A

glycoproteins

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42
Q

what are the carbihydrates present in cell membrane

A

glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycan

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43
Q

The entire surface of the cell has a loose carbohydrate coat called

A

glycocalyx

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44
Q

Provides the cell a net negative charge that repels other negatively charged
objects, including other cells, at moderate distances

A

glycocalyx

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45
Q

-it is also “sticky” allowing close contact (attachment) between cells

A

glycocalyx

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46
Q

Acts as receptors substances for hormones

A

glycocalyx

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47
Q

Augment immune responses

A

glycocalyx

48
Q

provides the fluid medium necessary for biochemical reactions to take place
inside the cell.

A

cytosol

48
Q

All the substances in between the cell organelles of a cell is called the

A

cytosol

49
Q

Everything in a cell including the cytosol and organelles except the nucleus is called

A

cyroplasm

50
Q

e a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific
function.

A

organelles

51
Q

membrane bound organelles

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
  3. Lysosomes
  4. Peroxisomes
  5. Secretory Vesicles
  6. Mitochondria
52
Q

nonmembrane bound organelles

A

ribosomes
microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments

53
Q

s the control center of the cell because it stores all of the genetic instructions for
manufacturing proteins

A

nucleus

54
Q

spans the nuclear
envelope. These are tiny passageway
for the passage of proteins, RNA, and
solutes between the nucleus and the
cytoplasm.

A

nuclear pores

55
Q

fine fibrils about 100 A thick,
composed of DNA (genetic material) and proteins
(histones and acid proteins

A

chromatin

56
Q

what is the estimated genes distributed in 46 chromosomes

A

22000

57
Q

Chromatins that are less dense during interphase and are genetically active

A

euchromatin

58
Q

Chromatin that remains condensed during interphase and non- replicating

A

heterochromatin

59
Q

Newly made ribosomal
subunits exit the cell’s nucleus through the

A

nuclear pore

60
Q

a dense body rich in RNA and protein. It is responsible for
manufacturing the RNA necessary for construction of ribosomes.

A

nucleolus

61
Q

Newly made ribosomal
subunits exit the cell’s nucleus through the

A

endoplasmic reticulum

62
Q

flat sacs or cisternae with
the presence of ribosomes
attached to the surface of the
membrane

A

pough er

62
Q

It is also called the highway of the cell
for transporting, synthesizing, and storing materials

A

er

63
Q

function of rer

A

transport of exporatble proteins

64
Q

The SER occurs in the form of

A

membranous tubules withour ribosomes

65
Q

functions od ser

A
  • Synthesis of phospholipids and steroids
  • Intracellular transport
  • Impulse transmission
  • Oxidation of fatty acids
  • Detoxification of xenobiotics
66
Q

3 layers of golgi apparatus

A

transport vesicle
saccules
secretory granules

67
Q

small spherical
structures that are thought to arise from the ER

A

transport vesicle

68
Q

large flattened structures that are
continuous with tubular elements

A

saccules

69
Q

large spherical vesicles
containing transported substances.

A

secretory granules

70
Q

component of secretory granules that determines the specific destinations of the vesicle in the cell

A

protein coatings

71
Q

This side of golgi apparatus is nearest to the nucleus and it is where transport vesicles
are formed from the ER.

A

forming PHASE (cis)

72
Q

This side of golgi apparatus is located near the plasma membrane where
secretory granules are formed ,migrates to the cell surface and fuses to the cell membrane
and content is exocytosed

A

maturing phase (trans face)

73
Q

functions of golgi

A

Stores, modifies and packages and transport proteins
2. Synthesis of polysaccharides eg. Hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate
3. Glycosylation of proteins

74
Q

vesicular organelles that form by breaking off from the Golgi apparatus
and then dispersing throughout the cytoplasm.

A

lysosome

75
Q

t is a small organelle about 0.2-0.4 um .

A

lysosome

76
Q

components of lysosome

A

variety of acid hydrolses and some 40 enzymes

77
Q

function of lysosome

A

autophagy-a process wherein a cell digest its own structure

78
Q

small (0.15 to0.5 um) structures that arise from the ER

A

peroxisomes

79
Q

difference of lyso and peroxisomes

A

peroxisomes are derived form the smooth er and contains oxidases (rather than hydrolases)

80
Q

the 3 oxidative enzymes of peroxisome which serve to transfer hydrogen atoms from various molecules to oxygen producing hydrogen peroxide

A

d. amino acids oxidase
urate oxidase
catalase

81
Q

It is the major site of oxygen utilization of cells
just like the mitochondria.

A

peroxisome

82
Q

utilizes H202, a by pdt of metabolism to oxidize some substrate like phenol, formic acid, formaldehyde and alcohol via peroxidase reaction or convert H2O2 to H2O

A

catalase

83
Q

Metabolism product (peroxidation reaction)

A

RH2+ O2>R+ H2O2 >H2O2 + RH2>R’ + 2H2O

84
Q

. Examples of ROS

A

hydroxyl radical OH, H2O2, and superoxide (O2−O2−).

85
Q

Some ROS are important for certain cellular
functions, such as

A

cell signaling processes and immune responses against foreign substances

86
Q

why are free radicals reactive

A

because they contain free unpaired electrons

87
Q

, oversee reactions that neutralize free radicals.

A

peroxisomes

88
Q

s a membranous, bean-shaped organelle that is often called the “Power house” of the cell. Without them, cells will be unable to extract energy from the nutrients, and all cellular functions would stop.

A

mitochondria

89
Q

The inner membrane of mitochondria is highly folded into structures called

A

cristae

90
Q

site of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

91
Q

s composed of a complex thread-like network found throughout the cell consisting of three different kinds of protein-based filament

A

cytoskeleton

92
Q

function of cytoskeleton

A
  1. provide shape and structural support for cell
  2. important in cell motility;
  3. cell reproduction (mitosis);and
  4. transportation of substances within the cell.
93
Q

the widest component of the cytoskeleton at 25 um in diameter. It appears as
a hollow tube.

A

microtubules

94
Q

One microtubule is composed of

A

13 columns of protofibrils

95
Q

each column of protofibrils is made up of

A

polymerized dimers of α-tubulin and β-tubulin, two globular proteins that occur as dimer

96
Q

Factors that prevent polymerization of microtubules are

A

low temp, calcium, anticancer drugs

97
Q

anticancer drugcs that act by preventing polymerization

A

vincristine ,vinblastine and colchicine

98
Q

Factors that promote polymerization:

A

warmth, gtp (guanosine triphosphate), cAMP and magnesium ion and MAP (microtubule associated protein)

99
Q
A
100
Q

function of microtibules

A

structural support
morphogenesis
cell motility
transport of macromolecules

101
Q

structures composed of microtibules

A

cilia
flagella

102
Q

main parts of cilia and flagella

A

basal body
terminal plate
axoneme

103
Q

this lart kf the microtubules is located within the cell

A

basal body

104
Q

basal body is composed of

A

9 peripheral fibers

105
Q

separates axoneme from basal body

A

terminal plate

106
Q

the arms of sub fiber a of peripheral doublet contains what protein

A

dynein which has atpase activity

107
Q

a rare autosomal recessive genetic ciliary disorder comprising the triad of situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, and bronchiectasis

A

kartgener’s syndrome

108
Q

kartgener’s syndrome results from

A

mutation involving dynein arms

109
Q

the cellular origin point for microtubules extending outward as cilia or flagella

A

centrioles

110
Q

how do microtubules grow out from centrioles

A

by adding more tubulin subunits

111
Q

microfilaments is composed kf

A

actin and myosin

112
Q

g form and f form of actin

A

g-globular
f-polymerized

113
Q

functions of microfilaments

A

responsible for active motile function of cytoskeleton
provides rigidity and shape to cell
provision of microtrabecular lattic

114
Q

they can depolymerize and reform quickly, enabling a cell to chailnge its shape and move

A

microfilaments

115
Q

the movement of an entire cell in relation to its surroundings

A

amoeboid movement

116
Q

bundles of microfilaments in the cytosol that permits rapid diffusion of fluids and dissolved substances throughout the cell

A

microtrabecular lattice

117
Q

long, ropelike fibrous sub units of polypeptide in chains

A

intermediate filaments

118
Q

what do you call intermediate filaments in epithelial tissues

A

tonofibrils

119
Q

they resist tensions and are not affected by colchicine kr cytochalasine

A

intermediate filaments

120
Q

most stable component of cytoskeleton

A

intermediate filaments

121
Q

functions kf intermediate filaments

A

maintains epitheloid shape
anchor cell organelles together within the cell
links cell to cell by forming cell to cell junctions

122
Q

functions kf intermediate filaments

A

maintains epitheloid shape
anchor cell organelles together within the cell
links cell to cell by forming cell to cell junctions

Physiology 1 (5 decks)

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