Cell Flashcards
1
Q
First cell discovered by ____ in ____
A
Robert hooke, Cork cells- Quercus suber
2
Q
Father of microbiology
A
Anton van luewanhoek
1st living cell discovered (bacteria) but- called it Animalcules
3
Q
_____ named animalcules bacteria
A
Ehrenburg
4
Q
Robert brown discovered
A
nucleus
5
Q
schleiden proposed that
A
All plants are composed of different kind of cells which form the plant tissue
6
Q
It is the —- that emphasised the unity underlying this diversity of forms, i.e., the cellular organisation of all life forms.
A
cell theory
7
Q
Cell theory also created a sense of mystery around living phenomena, i.e., —-and —- processes. This mystery was the requirement of —- of cellular organisation for living phenomena to be demonstrated or observed.
A
physiological and behavioral
integrity
8
Q
In studying and
understanding the physiological and behavioural processes, one can take a —- approach and use — systems to investigate. This approach enables us to describe the various processes in —- terms.
A
physico-chemical
cell-free
molecular
9
Q
The approach is established by analysis of — for elements and compounds. It will tell us what types of organic
compounds are present in living organisms.
A
living tissues
10
Q
In the next stage, we answer the question, what is the —- of all physiological processes?
It can also explain the —processes that occur during any diseased condition.
A
molecular basis
abnormal
11
Q
This physico-chemical approach to study and
understand living organisms is called —-. The concepts and techniques of physics and chemistry are applied to
understand biology.
A
‘Reductionist Biology’
12
Q
When you look around, you see both — and —things.
A
living and non-living
13
Q
what is it that an inanimate thing does not have which a living thing has?
A
presence of the basic unit of life – the cell in all living organisms.
14
Q
All —- are composed of cells. Some are composed of a single cell and are called —organisms while others, like us, composed
of many cells, are called —organisms.
A
organisms
unicellular, multicellular
15
Q
Unicellular organisms are capable of (i)—- and
(ii) —-.
A
-independent existence
-performing the essential functions of life
16
Q
Anything less than a —–does not ensure independent living. Hence, cell is the — structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
A
complete structure of a cell
fundamental
17
Q
The invention of the microscope and its improvement leading to the —- revealed all the
structural details of the cell.
A
electron microscope
17
Q
In —-, Matthias Schleiden, a —–, examined a large number of plants and observed that all plants —- which form the tissues of the plant.
A
1838, German botanist
are composed of different kinds of cells
17
Q
At about the same time, Theodore Schwann (—), —-, studied different types of animal cells and reported that ——.
A
1839, a British Zoologist
cells had a thin outer layer which is today known as the‘plasma membrane’
18
Q
—- also concluded, based on his studies on plant
tissues, that the — is a unique character of the plant cells.
A
Schwann, presence of cell wall
18
Q
On the basis of this, —-proposed the hypothesis that the bodies of animals and plants are composed of cells and —-
A
Schwann
products of cells.
19
Q
Schleiden and Schwann together formulated the —-.
A
cell theory
20
Q
The cell theory however, did not explain as to —-.
A
how new cells were formed
21
Q
Rudolf Virchow (—) first explained that cells divided and new cells are formed from pre-existing cells (—-).
A
1855, Omnis cellula-e cellula
22
---- modified the hypothesis of Schleiden and Schwann to give the cell theory a final shape.
Rudolf Virchow
23
Cell theory as understood today is:
(i) all living organisms are composed of cells and products of cells.
(ii) all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
24
The onion cell which is a typical plant cell, has a --- as its outer boundary
and just within it is the cell membrane.
distinct cell wall,
25
The cells of the human cheek have an outer membrane as the ---structure of the cell.
delimiting
26
Inside each cell is a ---membrane bound structure called nucleus.
dense
27
This nucleus contains the chromosomes which in turn contain the ----, DNA.
genetic material
28
Cells that have membrane bound nuclei are called
--- whereas cells that lack a membrane bound nucleus are prokaryotic.
eukaryotic
29
In both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, a --- matrix called cytoplasm occupies the volume of the cell. The cytoplasm is the main---- in both the plant and animal cells. Various chemical reactions occur in it to keep the cell in the -----
semi-fluid,
arena of cellular activities
‘living state’
30
Besides the nucleus, the ---- cells have other membrane bound
distinct structures called organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the golgi complex, lysosomes, mitochondria, microbodies and vacuoles. The prokaryotic cells lack such ----.
eukaryotic
membrane bound organelles
31
Ribosomes are ---- found in all cells – both eukaryotic as well as prokaryotic.
non-membrane bound organelles
32
Within the cell, ribosomes are found not only in the cytoplasm but also within the --- organelles –
-----------
two
chloroplasts (in plants) and mitochondria and on rough ER.
33
Animal cells contain another non-membrane bound organelle called
centriole which helps in ---.
cell division
34
Schwann and schleiden claimed origin of cell to be
Denovo- Spontaneous
35
Omni cellula e cellula followed by all cells except
RBCs (formed in bone marrow)
Virus
Neurons
Rhizopus
36
Cells differ greatly in ---,---- and----
shape, size and activities
37
---, the smallest cells, are only --- in length
Mycoplasmas, 0.3 µm
38
Bacteria size could be ---.
3 to 5 µm
39
The largest isolated single cell is the ----.
egg of an ostrich
40
Among multicellular organisms, human red blood cells are about ----.
7.0 µm in diameter
41
Nerve cells are some of the --- cells.
longest
42
Cells also vary greatly in their shape. They may be ---like, polygonal, columnar, cuboid,
----, or even irregular. The shape of the cell may vary with the
------
disc, thread like,
function they perform
43
Animal cell and plant cell size
10-20 um
30-50um
44
round and oval cells are
mesophyll cells
45
a trachied is --- shaped
spindle, elongated
46
The prokaryotic cells are represented by bacteria, blue-green algae, mycoplasma and----.
PPLO (Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organisms)
47
Prokaryotic cells are generally --- and multiply more rapidly than the eukaryotic cells
smaller
48
The prokaryotic cells may vary greatly in --- and ---.
shape and size
49
The four basic shapes of bacteria are --- (rod like), coccus (spherical), vibrio (---shaped) and spirillum (spiral).
bacillus, comma
50
The organisation of the prokaryotic cell is ---- even though prokaryotes exhibit a wide variety of shapes and functions. All
fundamentally similar
51
All prokaryotes have a cell wall surrounding the
cell membrane except in ---.
mycoplasma
52
There is no --- nucleus. The genetic material is
basically naked, not enveloped by a ---
membrane.
well-defined
nuclear
53
In addition to the --- DNA (the single chromosome / --- DNA), many
bacteria have small circular DNA outside the
genomic DNA. These smaller DNA are called
---.
genomic, circular
plasmids
54
The plasmid DNA confers certain unique --- characters to such bacteria. One such character is ----
phenotypic
resistance to antibiotics.
55
This plasmid DNA is used to monitor ---- with foreign DNA.
bacterial transformation
56
No organelles, like the ones in eukaryotes, are found in prokaryotic cells except for ----.
ribosomes
57
Prokaryotes have something unique in the form of ---.
inclusions
58
A specialised differentiated form of cell membrane called mesosome is the ----
of prokaryotes. They are essentially ---- of cell membrane.
characteristic
infoldings
59
Most prokaryotic cells, particularly the --- cells, have a chemically
complex -----.
bacterial, cell envelope
60
The cell envelope consists of a--- three
layered structure i.e., the outermost --- followed by the ---- and then the plasma membrane.
tightly bound
glycocalyx , cell wall
61
Although each layer of the cell envelope in bacteria performs distinct function, they act together as a single ---- unit.
protective unit
62
Bacteria can be classified into two groups on the basis of the differences in the ---- and the manner in which they respond to the staining procedure developed by --- viz., those that take up the gram stain are --- and the
others that do not are called Gram negative bacteria.
cell envelopes, Gram
Gram positive
63
Glycocalyx differs in --- and --- among different
bacteria. It could be a loose sheath called the ---- in some, while in others it may be ----, called the capsule.
composition and thickness
slime layer, thick and tough
64
The --- determines the shape of the cell and provides a strong structural support
to prevent the bacterium from --- or collapsing.
cell wall \, bursting
65
The plasma membrane is semi-permeable in nature and interacts with ----. This membrane is similar structurally to that of the
eukaryotes.
the outside world
66
A special --- structure is the mesosome which is formed by the extensions of plasma membrane into the cell. These extensions are in the form of ---,----and---.
membranous
vesicles, tubules and lamellae
67
Mesosomes help in ---formation, ---- and distribution to daughter cells, ----, secretion processes, to increase the surface area of the plasma membrane and --- content.
cell wall, DNA replication
respiration, enzymatic
68
In some prokaryotes like
----, there are other membranous extensions into the cytoplasm
called chromatophores which contain ----.
cyanobacteria, pigments
69
Bacterial cells may be motile or non-motile. If motile, they have --- extensions from their cell wall called flagella.
thin filamentous
70
Bacteria show a range in the --- and --- of flagella.
number and arrangement
71
Bacterial flagellum is
composed of three parts – ----, --- and ----.
filament, hook and basal body
72
The --- is the longest portion of flagella and extends from the cell surface to the outside.
filament
73
Besides flagella, --- and --- are also surface structures of the bacteria but do not play a role in ---.
Pili and Fimbriae
motility
74
The pili are elongated --- structures made of a special protein. The fimbriae are small ----sprouting out of the cell.
tubular
bristle like fibres
75
In some bacteria, --- are known to help attach the bacteria to rocks in streams and also to the ---tissues.
Fimbriae, host
76
Glycocalyx layer is made of
Complex polysaccharides
77
____ causes human diseases
Glycocalyx (GC also helps prevent desiccation- loss of water)
78
___ enzyme can remove GC layer to form ---- form bacteria
Lysozyme, Lister/L
79
Bac cell wall made of
Murin/Peptidoglycon
(Polysaccharides + AA)
80
Double layer ---- is present in gram -ve bac
Cell wall
81
Bac are stained by ---- for gram procedure
Crystal violet soln
82
____ is analogous to mito and lysosome respectively
mesosome
periplasmic space
83
nucleoid in prokaryo is also called
genophore
84
In prokaryotes, ribosomes are associated with the --- of the cell.
plasma membrane
85
Prokaryotic ribosomes are about ---- in size and are made of two subunits - --- and -- units which when present together form 70S prokaryotic ribosomes.
15 nm by 20 nm
50S and 30S
86
Ribosomes are the site of --- synthesis. Several
ribosomes may attach to a single --- and form a chain called polyribosomes or ---.
protein, mRNA
polysome
87
The ribosomes of a polysome translate the
mRNA into ---.
proteins
88
--- in prokaryotic cells are stored in the cytoplasm in the form of inclusion bodies. These are not bound by any membrane system and --- in the cytoplasm,
Reserve material
lie free
89
Ex of inclusion bodies of prokaryos ---,--- and---
phosphate, cyanophycean and glycogen granules (Valutin also wrt notes)
90
Gas vacuoles are found in ----, ----- n----- bacteria.
blue green,
purple and green photosynthetic
91
____ in PM of prokaryos provide stability
Hapanoides
92
The eukaryotes include all the protists, plants, animals and fungi. In
eukaryotic cells there is an extensive ---- of cytoplasm through the presence of membrane bound organelles.
compartmentalisation
93
Eukaryotic cells possess an --- nucleus with a nuclear envelope. In addition, eukaryotic cells have a variety of complex --- and --- structures.
organised
locomotory and cytoskeletal
94
Genetic material of eukaryo is organised into ---.
chromosomes
95
All eukaryotic cells are not ---.
Plant and animal cells are different as the former possess cell walls, --- and a ---- vacuole which
are absent in animal cells. On the other hand, animal cells have centrioles which are absent in ----- plant cells
identical
plastids, large central
almost all
96
The detailed structure of thecell membrane was studied only after the --- of the electron microscope in the ---s.
advent, 1950
97
Meanwhile, chemical studies on the cell membrane, especially in human -----, enabled
the scientists to deduce the possible structure of plasma membrane.
red blood cells (RBCs)
98
The studies of RBC's showed that the cell membrane is composed of lipids that are arranged in a ---. Also, the lipids are arranged within the
membrane with the ---- towards the outer sides and the --- towards the inner part.
bilayer
polar head, hydrophobic tails
99
This ensures that the nonpolar tail of ----hydrocarbons is protected from the ---environment
saturated, aqueous
100
The lipid component of the membrane mainly consists of -----.
phosphoglycerides
101
Later, ---- clearly revealed that the cell membranes also possess protein and carbohydrate.
biochemical investigation
102
The ratio of protein and lipid ---- in different cell types.
varies considerably
103
In human beings, the membrane of the
erythrocyte has approximately---- per cent protein and --- per cent lipids.
52, 40
104
Depending on the ease of extraction, membrane proteins can be
classified as --- or ---.
integral or peripheral
105
Peripheral proteins lie on the surface of membrane while the integral proteins are ---- buried in
the membrane.
partially or totally
106
An improved model of the structure of cell membrane was proposed
by ----- and --- (---) widely accepted as fluid mosaic model
Singer and Nicolson- 1972
107
According to this, the quasi-fluid nature of lipid enables --- movement of proteins within the overall bilayer. This ability to move within the membrane is measured as its ----.
lateral, fluidity
108
The fluid nature of the membrane is also important from the point of view of functions like cell growth, formation of ----, ---, endocytosis, cell division etc
intercellular junctions, secretion
109
One of the most important functions of the plasma membrane is the ----- across it. The membrane is selectively permeable to some molecules present on --- side of it.
transport of the molecules
either side
110
Many molecules can move briefly across the membrane without any requirement of energy and this is called the ---transport.
passive
111
---- solutes may move across the membrane by the process of simple diffusion along the concentration gradient, i.e., from --- concentration
Neutral
higher to lower
112
Water may also move
across this membrane from higher to lower concentration. Movement of water by diffusion is called ---.
osmosis
113
As the --- molecules cannot pass through the nonpolar lipid bilayer, they require a ------ to facilitate their transport across the membrane.
polar, carrier protein of the
membrane
114
A few ions or molecules are transported across the membrane against their ---- gradient, i.e., from lower to the higher concentration. Such
a transport is an ---- process, in which ATP is utilised and is called active transport, e.g., ------
concentration
energy dependent
Na+/K+ Pump.
115
A ----, ---- structure called the cell wall forms
an outer covering for the plasma membrane of fungi and plants.
non-living rigid
116
Cell wall gives shape to the cell and protects the cell from ---- damage and ---. It also helps in ---- and provides barrier to undesirable ---.
mechanical, infection
cell-to-cell interaction
macromolecules
117
Algae have cell wall, made of cellulose, ----, ---and minerals like ----, while in other plants it consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, ----and -----.
galactans, mannans,
calcium carbonate
pectins, proteins
118
The cell wall of a young plant cell, the ----- is capable of growth,
which gradually diminishes as the cell matures and the secondary wall is formed on the ---- side of the cell.
primary wall
inner (towards membrane)
119
The middle lamella is a layer mainly of ---- which holds or glues the different neighbouring cells together.
calcium pectate
120
The cell wall and middle
lamellae may be traversed by ---- which connect the ---- of neighbouring cells.
plasmodesmata, cytoplasm
121
Electron microscope discovered by
Knoll and rusca
122
Trilamellar model was given by
Damielle and davson
123
Trilamellar model is seen in
Mycoplasma
75 armstrongs in height (Protien in both sides, lipid bilayer in centre.. but doesnt explain selective permeability)
124
Sugars on PM are called
Oligosaccharides- made of glycoprotein and glycolipid
(helps in cell recognition)
125
____ in eukaryo Pm gives stability
cholestrol
126
____ provides fluidity to PM
Phospholipids- rich in unsat fatty acids
127
___ proteins help in enzymatic activity
Extrinsic/peripheral
128
ER tubules ===? help in connection b/w cell as it passes thro plasmodesmata
desmotubules
129
Secondary cell wall made of
Ergastic substance deposition- Pectin with lignin, suberin or cutin
130
____ have tertiary cw
Gymno
131
While each of the membranous organelles is distinct in terms of its
structure and function, many of these are considered together as an ---- system because ----.
endomembrane, their functions are coordinated
132
The endomembrane system include ---, ---, --- and ---
endoplasmic reticulum (ER), golgi complex, lysosomes and vacuoles.
133
Since the functions of the mitochondria, chloroplast and ---- are not coordinated with the above components, these are not considered as part oft he endomembrane system
peroxisomes
134
Protoplast==
PM+Cyto
135
Protoplasm==
Cyto+Nucleus
136
Tropoplasm (cell organelles) has non living inclusions called ---
Duetoplasm
137
Electron microscopic studies of eukaryotic cells
reveal the presence of a network or reticulum of
tiny tubular structures scattered in the cytoplasm that is called the ----
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
138
Hence, ER divides the intracellular space into two distinct compartments, i.e., ----(inside ER) and ---(cytoplasm)
compartments.
luminal , extra luminal
139
ER is abundantly found in
Pancreas and Liver- RER
Muscles- SER
140
The ER often shows ---attached to their outer surface.
ribosomes
141
The endoplasmic reticulum bearing ribosomes on their surface is called rough
endoplasmic reticulum (RER). In the absence of
ribosomes they appear --- and are called
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER).
smooth
142
RER is frequently observed in the cells actively involved in --- synthesis and secretion.
protein
143
The ____ are extensive and continuous with the outer membrane of the nucleus
Rough ER
144
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the major
site for synthesis of ---.
lipid
145
In animal cells ----hormones are synthesised in SER.
lipid-like
steroidal
146
Camillo Golgi (---) first observed densely stained
--- structures near the nucleus. These were
later named --- after him.
1898, reticular
Golgi bodies
147
Golgi body consist
of many flat, ---shaped sacs or cisternae of
---- diameter
disc, 0.5µm to 1.0µm
148
Cisternae of golgi are
stacked --- to each other. Varied number of
cisternae are present in a Golgi complex.
parallel
149
The Golgi cisternae are concentrically arranged near the nucleus with distinct ---- or the forming face and --- or the maturing face
convex cis
concave trans
150
The cis and the trans faces of the organelle are entirely different, but
----.
interconnected
151
The golgi apparatus principally performs the function of ----- to be delivered either to the intra-cellular targets or secreted outside the cell.
packaging materials,
152
Materials to be packaged in the form of ---- from the ER fuse with the --- face of the golgi apparatus and move towards the maturing face. This explains, why the golgi apparatus remains in close association with the ----.
vesicles, cis
endoplasmic reticulum
153
A number of proteins
synthesised by ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum are ---- in the cisternae of the golgi apparatus before they are released from its
trans face.
modified
154
Golgi apparatus is the important site of formation of
---- and ----
glycoproteins (glycosilation) and glycolipids (glycosidation).
Hence- forms PM
155
RER has more cisternae
True
SER has more tubules
156
Ribosomes attached to rer are ---- with help of
60s
ribophorin 1 and 2
157
____ synthesize precursors of hydrolytic enzymes
RER
158
___ help in detoxification of drugs
SER
159
Space around golgi is called
Zone of exclusion
160
Formation of acrosomes in sperms by
Golgi
161
formation of lysosomes and middle lamella by
golgi
162
golgi secretes --- in root tips
lubricants
163
---- are membrane bound --- structures formed by the process of packaging in the golgi apparatus.
Lysosomes, vesicular,
164
The isolated lysosomal vesicles have been found to be very rich in almost all types of ---- enzymes (--–, ---, ---, ----) optimally
active at the acidic pH (5).
hydrolytic
hydrolases, lipases, proteases, carbohydrases +nucleases (wrt notes)
165
The hydrolytic enzymes are capable of digesting
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and ----
nucleic acids.
166
____ are the suicidal bags of the cells
Lysosomes
167
The ---- is the membrane-bound space found in the cytoplasm.
vacuole
168
Vacuole contains
water, ---, --- and other materials not useful for the cell.
sap, excretory product
169
The vacuole is bound by a single membrane called ---.
tonoplast
170
In plant cells the
vacuoles can occupy up to ---per cent of the volume of the cell.
90
171
In plants, the tonoplast facilitates the transport of a number of ---
and other materials against concentration gradients into the vacuole, hence their concentration is significantly ---- in the vacuole than in the
cytoplasm.
ions, higher
172
In Amoeba the --- vacuole is important for excretion. In many cells, as in protists, ---vacuoles are formed by engulfing the food particles.
contractile, food
173
membrane of lysosome has ____ to maintain acidic ph
H+ pump
174
pleomorphic organelle is
lysosome
175
prim lysosome===?
storage granules- no active enzyme
176
secondary lysosome?
fuses with pino/phagosome
==HETEROPHAGOSOME
177
____ enzyme in lysosome digests tadpoles tail
Cathepsin
178
Digestion of foreign particles, old cell organelle, extra bone growth by lysosome are each called
heterophagy, autophagy, osteoclast
179
destruction of cell by lysosome==?
Autolysis==cellular atombombs
180
Tonoplast facilitates --- transport and helps in ----
active
osmoregulation
181
cell sap of vacuole has water soluble pigment called
anthocyanin
182
---- unless specifically stained, are not easily visible under the microscope.
Mitochondria
183
The number of mitochondria per cell
is variable depending on the ---- activity of the cells. In terms of shape and size also, considerable degree of variability is observed.
physiological
184
Typically mitochondria is ----shaped or cylindrical having a diameter of --- (average 0.5µm) and length ----.
sausage, 0.2-1.0µm
1.0-4.1µm
185
Each mitochondrion is a double membrane-bound structure with the outer membrane and the inner membrane dividing its lumen distinctly into two --- compartments, i.e., the outer compartment and the inner compartment.
aqueous
186
The inner compartment of mito is called the ----. The outer membrane forms the continuous limiting boundary of the organelle.
matrix
187
The inner membrane of mito forms a number of infoldings called the --- towards the matrix
cristae
188
The cristae increase the ---
surface area
189
The two membranes
have their own ----associated with the mitochondrial function.
specific enzymes
190
Mitochondria are the sites of --- .
aerobic resp
191
mito produce cellular energy in the form of ---, hence they are called ‘power houses’ of the cell.
ATP
192
The matrix also possesses --- DNA molecule, a few
RNA molecules, ribosomes (--) and the components required for the synthesis of ---.
single circular, 70S
proteins
193
The mitochondria divide by ---.
fission
194
___ are called endosymbionts of the cell
Mito
195
mito was discovered by
kollekar
196
Prokaryotic cell within eu is
mito and chloro
197
1 cell can have --- mito
60k
group==chondrisome
198
---- has only 1 mito
chlorella fusca
199
stain used to see mito is
janus green
200
--- membrane of mito is selectively permeable because of
inner, cardiolipids
201
fernandez particles are present on
inner lining of mito
also called: atp synthetase, oxysomes or elementary particles
202
oxidative phosphorylation takes place in
F1 in matrix of fernandes particle of mito
203
inner membrane of mito has electron carrying ---- which forms the electron transport system
cytochromes
204
Plastids are found in all plant cells and in ---. These are easily
observed under the microscope as they are ---.
euglenoides, large
205
Plastids bear some specific ---, thus imparting specific colours to the plants. Based on the
type of pigments plastids can be classified into ---,--- and ----
pigments
chloroplasts, chromoplasts and leucoplasts.
206
The chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and --- pigments which
are responsible for trapping light energy essential for ---.
carotenoid, photosynthesis
207
In the chromoplasts --- carotenoid pigments like carotene, xanthophylls and others are present. This gives the part of the plant a --- --- or ---- colour.
fat soluble
yellow, orange or red
208
The leucoplasts are the colourless plastids
of varied--- and --- with stored nutrients:
shapes and sizes
209
Amyloplasts store
---- (starch), e.g., potato; ---store oils and fats whereas the aleuroplasts store ---.
carbohydrates
elaioplasts
proteins
210
Majority of the chloroplasts of the
green plants are found in the --- cells of the leaves.
mesophyll
211
Chloroplasts are ---shaped, oval, spherical, ---or even ribbon-like
organelles having variable length (---) and width (--).
lens, discoid
5-10µm, 2-4µm
212
The number of chlroplast varies from 1 per cell of the ---, a green alga to -- per cell in the mesophyll.
Chlamydomonas
20-40
213
The inner ---- membrane is relatively less permeable than the inner membrane of ----.
chloroplast , mito
214
The space limited by the inner membrane of the chloroplast is called the ---.
stroma
215
A number of organised ---- called the thylakoids,
are present in the stroma
flattened membranous sacs
216
Thylakoids are arranged in stacks like the piles of coins called --- or the ---.
grana, intergranal
thylakoids
217
In addition, there are flat membranous tubules called the s--- connecting the thylakoids of the different grana. The
membrane of the thylakoids enclose a space called a lumen.
stroma lamellae
218
The stroma of the chloroplast contains enzymes required for the synthesis of --- and ---.
carbohydrates and proteins
219
Chlorophyll pigments are
present in the ----. The ribosomes of the chloroplasts are smaller
(----) than the cytoplasmic ribosomes (80S).
thylakoids
70S
220
chlro also contains small, --- circular DNA molecules and ribosomes.
double-stranded
221
Dark rean and light rean occurs in the --- of chloro
stroma, granum
222
---- is the worlds most abundant enzyme found in the stroma of chloro
rubisco- ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase
(Participates in carboxylation and oxygenation)
223
functional unit of chloro
quantasome-
chl a,b, caratenoids and xanthophylls
(present in interthylakoidal space)
224
dense structures called ribosomes were discovered by
george palade- 1953
hence called palade granules
225
ribosomes are
composed of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and --- and are not surrounded
by any membrane.
proteins
226
‘S’ (----) stands for the sedimentation coefficient;
it indirectly is a measure of --- and ---.
Svedberg’s Unit
density and size
227
Both 70S and 80S ribosomes are composed of --- subunits
2
228
---- is a organelle within a organelle
ribosomes
229
workbenches of proteins===
ribosomes
230
for 2 subunits of ribosome to join and form diamer, ---- is req
0.001 molar Mg +2 is req
231
Cilia and flagella are ---like outgrowths of the cell membrane. Cilia are small structures which work like --, causing the movement of either the cell or the ---. Flagella are comparatively longer and responsible for ---movement.
hair
oars, surrounding fluid
cell
232
The cytoskeleton in a cell are involved in many functions such as --- support, ---, maintenance of the shape of the cell.
mechanical, motility
233
An elaborate network of filamentous ---- structures present in the cytoplasm is collectively referred to as the cytoskeleton.
proteinaceous
234
The prokaryotic bacteria also possess flagella but these are structurally
--- from that of the eukaryotic flagella.
different
235
The electron microscopic study of a cilium or the flagellum show that
they are covered with plasma membrane. Their core called the -----,
possesses a number of ---- running parallel to the long axis.
axoneme, microtubules
236
The axoneme usually has --- pairs of doublets of radially arranged
peripheral microtubules, and a --- of centrally located microtubules.
Such an arrangement of axonemal microtubules is referred to as the ---
array
nine, pair
9+2
237
The central tubules are connected by --- and is also enclosed by a central sheath, which is connected to one of the tubules of each peripheral doublets by a ----. Thus, there are nine radial
spokes. The peripheral doublets are also interconnected by linkers.
bridges, radial spoke
238
Both the cilium and flagellum emerge from ----like structure called the
-----.
centriole, basal bodies
239
Centrosome is an organelle usually containing two cylindrical structures called ----. They are surrounded by amorphous ---- materials.
centrioles
pericentriolar
240
Both the centrioles in a centrosome lie --- to each
other in which each has an organisation like the ---.
perpendicular, cartwheel
241
The centriole is made up of nine evenly spaced peripheral fibrils of --- protein. Each of the peripheral fibril is a ---.The adjacent triplets are also linked.
tubulin, triplet
242
The central part of the proximal region of the centriole is also ---
and called the ---, which is connected with tubules of the peripheral triplets by radial spokes made of protein.
proteinaceous, hub
243
The centrioles form the basal body of cilia or flagella, and ---that give rise to spindle apparatus during cell division in animal cells.
spindle fibres
244
Nucleus as a cell organelle was first described by Robert Brown as early as ---. Later the material of the nucleus stained by the --- dyes was given the name chromatin by ----.
1831
basic, Flemming
245
The --- nucleus (nucleus of a cell when it is not dividing) has highly
extended and elaborate ---called chromatin, nuclear matrix and one or more spherical bodies called ---
interphase
nucleoprotein fibres
nucleoli
246
Electron microscopy has revealed that the nuclear envelope, which consists of two ---- membranes with a space between (---) called the perinuclear space, forms a --- between the materials
present inside the nucleus and that of the
cytoplasm.
parallel, 10 to 50 nm
barrier
247
The outer membrane of nucleus usually remains continuous with the ---- and also bears ---- on it.
endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes
248
At a number of places the nuclear envelope is interrupted by minute
pores called----, which are formed by the --- of its two membranes.
Anulus, fusion
249
These nuclear pores are the passages through which movement of --- and --- molecules takes place in both directions between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
RNA and protein
250
Normally, there is only ---nucleus per cell, variations in the number of nuclei are also frequently observed.
one
251
Some mature
cells even lack nucleus, e.g., ---- of many mammals and --- of vascular plants.
erythrocytes , sieve
tube cells
252
The nuclear matrix or the nucleoplasm contains --- and ---.
nucleolus and chromatin
253
The nucleoli are spherical structures present in the
nucleoplasm. The content of nucleolus is --- with the rest of the nucleoplasm as it is ---structure.
continuous, not a membrane bound
254
Nucleolus is a site for active---- synthesis.
ribosomal RNA
255
Larger and more numerous nucleoli are
present in cells actively carrying out --- synthesis.
protein
256
But during different stages of cell division, cells show structured --- in place of the nucleus.
chromosomes
257
Chromatin contains DNA and some basic proteins called ---, some non-histone proteins and also RNA.
histones
258
A single human cell has approximately --- long
thread of DNA distributed among its forty six (twenty three pairs) chromosomes.
two metre
259
Every chromosome essentially has a ---- or the centromere on the sides of which disc shaped structures called --- are present
primary constriction
kinetochores
260
Based on the position of the ----, the chromosomes can be classified into four types
centromere
261
The --- chromosome has middle centromere forming two equal arms of the chromosome.
metacentric
262
The sub-metacentric chromosome has centromere ---- of the chromosome resulting
into one shorter arm and one longer arm.
slightly away from the middle, L shape
263
In case of ---chromosome the centromere is situated close to its end forming one extremely short and one very long
arm, whereas the telocentric chromosome has a ----
acrocentric ( J shape), terminal centromere
(I shape)
264
Sometimes a few chromosomes have --- secondary constrictions at a constant location. This gives the appearance of a small fragment called the ---.
non-staining, satellite
265
Many membrane bound --- called microbodies that contain various enzymes, are present in both plant and animal cells.
minute vesicles
266
Peroxisomes also called ---- have enzyme ---- which help in?
uricosomes,
catalase or peroxidase
conversion of h2o2 to h2o + o
267
Glyoxysomes are present in --- cells and participate i ---- cycle
plants, glyoxilate cycle (hydrolases fats, converts fats to carbs)
268
Spherosomes act as ---- and help in storage of ---
lysosomes, lipids
269
coenocytic condition is seen in --- cells
rhizopus and muscle cell
270
nuclear membrane is also called
karyotheca/karyolemma
271
Darkly strained, lightly packed, transcriptionally inactive chromatin is
heterochromatin
272
proteinaceous layer around chromosome==
pellicle
273
Telomere- end of chromosomes have more ----
guanine
274
isobrachial chromose shape is
metacentric, v shape
275
Clearly visible chromosomes that are useful for karyotypic studies are found in --- stage of cell cycle
Metaphase
276
Nucleolus + Secondary constriction is called
Nucleolar organization region
277
In humans ---- chromosomes have secondary constrictions and therefore a nucleolus?
13, 14, 15, 21 and 22
278
Ribosomal factory is
Nucleolus
279
At maturity tracheids have cell wall but no ---
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