cell adaption

Question 1

decrease in cell/organ size and functional ability

imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation

increase catabolism of cell organelles

1) + ubiquitin proteasome
2) autophagy

Answer 1

atrophy

Question 2

brown atrophy: accumulation of lipofusion within lysosomes - wear and tear

Answer 2

autophagy - cell eats itself

Question 3

causes of atrophy

Answer 3

1) disuse and decreased workload
2) ischemia - atherosclerosis
3) Sheehans syndrome - lack of hormone
4) lack of neuronal stimulation
5) malnutrition - marasmus
6) aging: gonads, vaginal atrophy, heart brown atrophy, thymus, brain
7) pressure: thick secretions in cystic fibrosis cause atrophy of pancreas acini

Question 4

increase in cell size and functional ability due to increase synthesis of intracellular components

Answer 4

hypertrophy

Question 5

physiological hypertrophy

Answer 5

1) increase in mitochondria

2) sk mus - weight lifter
3) growth of uterus - pregnancy (hyperplasia also)
4) lactating breast

Question 6

pathological hypertrophy

Answer 6

increase mRNA (increased protein synthesis)

1) left ventricular hypertrophy - HTN (increase AL)
2) switch of contractile protein (B-myosin) from adult to fetal or neonatal forms) - more O2 needed

increases expression of genes - transcription factors - gata4, NFAT, MEF2

smooth muscle hypertrophy associated with prostatic hyperplasia

Question 7

increase in number of cells in tissue or organ

mediated by growth factors, cytokines, increased expression of growth promoting genes and increased DNA synthesis and cell division

Answer 7

hyperplasia

Question 8

physiological hyperplasia

Answer 8

1) compensatory mechanism - after partial hepatectomy
2) hormonal stimulation - breast development at puberty and pregnancy
3) antigenic stimulation - lymphoid hyperplasia

Question 9

pathological hyperplasia

Answer 9

1) endometrial hyperplasia - action of unopposed estrogen: high chance of adenocarcinoma
2) prostatic hyperplasia of aging: increase gland, papillary infolding and lined by 2 cell layer
3) viral infection - papillomavirus - skin worts

Question 10

reversible change of one fully differentiated (process of maturing) cell type to another usually in response to irritation (norm to norm)

Answer 10

metaplasia

Question 11

mechanism is that the reserve cells (or stem cells) of the irritated tissue differentiate into a more protective cell type due to the influence of growth factors, cytokines, matrix components

Answer 11

metaplasia

Question 12

squamous - respiratory mucosa (smoking, pollution, vit A def) lead to squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 12

epithelial metaplasia

Question 13

lower end of esophagus (reflux of acidic gastric content: Barretts esophagus)

squamous epithelium replaced by columnar epithelium (risk of malignancy - adenocarcinoma of distal esophagus)

Answer 13

columnar epithelial metaplasia

Question 14

in pylorus and antrum
in presence of H pylori
goblet cells

Answer 14

intestinal metaplasia

Question 15

form cartilage, bone, adipose tissue in tissues which as not normally possess them

Answer 15

connective tissue metaplasia

Question 16

myositis ossificans, sometimes seen in soft tissue following blunt trauma

Answer 16

bony metaplasia (ct)

Question 17

extra medullary hemopoiesis, seen in liver, spleen, and all long bones

Answer 17

myeloid metaplasia

Question 18

wear and tear pigment

yellow brown pigment

common in liver and heart

composed of polymers of lipid and phospholipids complexed with proteins

Answer 18

lipofuscin

Question 19

black brown pigment derived from tyrosine found in melanocytes and substantial migration

addisons, melanotic skin lesions

Answer 19

melanin

Question 20

golden yellow brown granular pigment found in areas of hemorrhage or bruises

prussian blue

Answer 20

hemosiderin

Question 21

increase in total body iron stores without tissue injury

hemolytic anemia
repeated blood transfusions

Answer 21

hemosiderosis

Question 22

increase in total body iron stores with tissue injury

inborn error Hfe gene
iron is damaging organ

Answer 22

hemochromatosis

Question 23

fatty deposits accumulates in newborns in the basal ganglia, causing permanent damage kernicterus

associated with Rh incompatibility in newborns
jaundice: scleral icterus

Answer 23

bilirubin

Question 24

cellular alteration that has a pin homogenous appearance on HE stain

Answer 24

hyaline change

Question 25

normal S Ca2+ Precipitation of Ca phosphate in dying or necrotic tissues 1) fat necrosis - acute pancreatitis (saponification) 2) psammoma bodies 3) atheroma 4) damaged heart valves 5) leiomyomas - sm mus benign tumor

Answer 25

dystrophic calcification

Question 26

laminated calcifications that occur in meningiomas and papillary carcinomas of the thyroid and ovary and mesothelioma

Answer 26

psammoma bodies

Question 27

increase S Ca2+ Precipitation of Ca phosphate in normal tissue due to hypercalcemia 1) hyperPTH 2) parathyroid adenomas 3) renal failure 4) paraneoplastic syndrome 5) Vit D intoxication 6) metastatic calcification seen in kidney = nephrocalcinosis

Answer 27

metastatic calcification

Question 28

normal cellular constituent abnormal substance

Answer 28

intracellular accumulations

Question 29

abnormal accumulation of TAGs within parenchymal cells if liver, heart, muscles

Answer 29

accumulation of fatty acids

Question 30

``` alcohol toxins - CC14 protein malnutrition diabetes mellitus obesity - non alcoholic hypoxia - Right heart failure ```

Answer 30

Accumulation of fatty acids

Question 31

factors contributing to cellular aging

Answer 31

1) decrease cellular replication: after a fixed number if divisions in somatic cells end in a non replicative stage this due to telomere shortening (regulated by telomerase) 2) accumulation of metabolic and genetic damage: ROS and damage to DNA

Question 32

keeps adding nucleotides to end to help continue replication (cancer cells)

Answer 32

telomerase

Question 33

atherosclerosis xanthomas sites of inflammation and necrosis

Answer 33

cholesterol and cholesterol ester accumulation

Question 34

focal accumulation of cholesterol laden macrophages in lamina propria of gall bladder Neiman pick type C

Answer 34

cholesterolosis

Question 35

Russel bodies defects in protein folding: alpha 1 antitrypsin def nephrotic syndrome albumin pas stain

Answer 35

protein accumulation

Question 36

extracellular hyaline seen in old scars, long standing HTN, DM

Answer 36

accumulation of hyaline deposits

Question 37

diabetes mellitus: glycogen storage is seen in epithelial cells of the PCT von Gierkes def of G6P PAS stain

Answer 37

accumulation of glycogen

Question 38

carbon: air pollution anthracosis: black color in lungs coal workers: pneumoconiosis tattooing: localized pigment of skin

Answer 38

exogenous pigment accumulation

Question 39

``` autosomal dominant LMNA gene lamin A protein defective nuclear envelope earlier onset seen in childhood no risk of cancer or diabetes cause of death: CVS, stroke, MI tx: farnesyl transferase inhibitor ```

Answer 39

progeria

Question 40

``` autosomal recessive WRN gene loss of fxn of DNA helicsase (Werner protein) defective DNA repair later onset seen in adulthood increase risk of cancer and diabetes cause of death CVS and cancer in 40-50s tx: vitamin C ```

Answer 40

Werners adult progeria