Cell injury

Question 1

occurs when lack of oxygen prevents the cell from synthesizing sufficient ATP by aerobic oxidation

Answer 1

hypoxia

Question 2

due to loss of blood supply, related to decreased arterial flow or decreased venous outflow

Answer 2

ischemia

Question 3

reduction in number of oxygen carrying RBCs

Answer 3

anemia

Question 4

O2 carrying capacity - altered hemoglobin

Answer 4

CO poisoning

Question 5

cardiac failure, hypotension, shock

Answer 5

decrease perfusion of tissues

Question 6

poor oxygenation of blood

Answer 6

pulmonary dz

Question 7

examples of reversible injury

Answer 7

fatty change

hydropic change

Question 8

hypoxic injury first affects

Answer 8

mitochondria

Question 9

reversible cell injury

Answer 9

decrease synthesis of ATP
decrease fxn of Na/K ATPase membrane pumps
increase anaerobic glycolysis
decrease protein synthesis

Question 10

decrease synthesis of ATP

Answer 10

by oxidative phosphorylation

Question 11

Decreased fxn of NA/K Atpase

Answer 11

Increase influx of NA and water, efflux of K, cellular swelling (hydropic) and swelling of the ER and mitochondria

Question 12

switching to anaerobic glycolysis

Answer 12

depletion of cytoplasmic glycogen, increased lactic acid production, decreased intracellular pH (chromatic clumping)

Question 13

detachment of ribosomes from ER; lipid deposition

Answer 13

decreased protein synthesis

Question 14

myocardial markers

Answer 14

troponin
CPK-MB
lactate dehydrogenase

Question 15

hepatitis marker

Answer 15

transaminases

Question 16

pancreatitis marker

Answer 16

amylase and lipase

Question 17

biliary tract obstruction marker

Answer 17

alkaline phosphatase

Question 18

2 important factors of irreversible injury

Answer 18

inability to reverse the mitochondrial dysfunction

membrane dysfunction

Question 19

irreversible mechanism

Answer 19

1) influx of calcium
2) mitochondria damage
3) accumulation of O2 derived free radicals (oxidative stress)
4) defect in membrane damage

Question 20

pin point nucleus

Answer 20

pyknosis

Question 21

nucleus fragmentation

Answer 21

karyorrhexis

Question 22

nucleus is gone and disappears

Answer 22

karyolysis

Question 23

damage to DNA, proteins, lipid membranes and circulating lipids

Answer 23

oxygen derived free radicals

Question 24

the cause of ATP depletion from cell injury

Answer 24

decrease of Na/K ATPase pump (Na enters the cell and K efflux)

Question 25

damage to cell membrane

Answer 25

Na enters the cell and K efflux with other intracellular enzymes

Question 26

Influx of calcium activates what enzymes

Answer 26

proteases - protein breakdown ATPases - dec ATP phospholipase - cell membrane injury endonucleuses - DNA damage (fragmentation)

Question 27

mitochondrial disfunction

Answer 27

decreased by oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production and releases cytochrome C (caused by increase Ca2+) which triggers apoptosis

Question 28

neutralizing agents

Answer 28

1) Vit A, E, C 2) superoxide dismutase 3) glutathione peroxidase (in cytosol and mito) 4) catalase (peroxisomes) 5) ferritin 6) ceruloplasmin

Question 29

1) tx pt with thrombolytic therapy causes restoration of blood flow causing more IRR damage 2) during reoxygenation there is generation of ROS from parenchymal and infiltrative leukocytes (neutrophil oxidase enz) 3) therefore influx of leukocytes and plasma proteins (inflammation) - complement activation

Answer 29

ischemia - reperfusion injury

Question 30

composed of aggregates of intermediate (cytokeratin) filaments

Answer 30

mallory bodies

Question 31

plaques containing AB amyloid

Answer 31

neurofibrillary tangles

Question 32

disorganization of microtubules - leading to immobilization of cilia in respiratory tract and, inhibitor of sperm motility

Answer 32

kartageners syndrome

Question 33

whorl like structure (onion like) originating from damage cell membrane

Answer 33

myelin figures