Cell Adaption and Cell Necrosis

Question 1

What is Cellular Adaptation

Answer 1

Changes in cells, tissues, or organs due to prolonged exposure to adverse stimuli

Question 2

What does Atrophy mean?

Answer 2

Decrease in size of tissue/organ/body

Question 3

What are examples of Physiologic Atrophies?

Answer 3

1. Thymus shrinking with age

2. Overies, uterus and breast shrink after menopause

Question 4

What are Pathologic Atrophies?

Answer 4

Ischemic organs (kidneys, testicles)

*Alzheimers Disease

Question 5

What does Hypertrophy mean?

Answer 5

Increase in size of tissues/organs

Question 6

What are Physiological examples of Hypertrophy

Answer 6

Increase in muscle size due to weights

Question 7

What are Pathological examples of Hypertrophy

Answer 7

Concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle muscle due to hypertension and pressure overload

Question 8

What is Hyperplasia?

Answer 8

An adaptive increase in the number of cells causing an enlargement of tissues or organs

Question 9

What are some examples of Hyperplasia

Answer 9

Endometrial hyperplasia due to estrogen

Hyperplastic polyps of the colon or stomach

Question 10

What are some examples of both Hypertrophy with Hyperplasia?

Answer 10

1. Physiological hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the uterine smooth muscle during pregnancy
2. BPH increases in both size and number of glands and stroma

Question 11

What is Metaplasia

Answer 11

An adaptive change from one cell type to another to suit the enviornment

Question 12

What is an example of metaplasia?

Answer 12

Stratified squamous metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium due to smoking

Barrets Esophagus

Question 13

What is Dyplasia?

Answer 13

Disordered growth of tissues due to chronic inflammation or infection

Question 14

What is an example of Dysplasia? What role does HPV play?

Answer 14

Cervical dysplasia (Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) due to HPV.

HPV infects stratified squamous epithelium

Question 15

What is Anaplasia

Answer 15

Undifferentiated and uncontrolled growth of cells- Hallmark of malignant transformation

Question 16

What are the examples of Anaplasia?

Answer 16

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Cervix

Lung Cancer

Malignant Melanoma

Renal Cell Carcinoma

Question 17

What are the hallmarks of Anaplasia?

Answer 17

1. Cell and nuclei display cellular pleomorphism (vary in size and shape)
2. Nuclei are irregular and hyperchromatic
3. High N/C ratio
4. Large nucleoli within the nucleus
5. Large numbers of abnormal mitotic figures

Question 18

What is the definition of necrosis?

What is the difference between Necrosis and Autolysis after death?

Answer 18

Death of cells or tissues

Necrosis is seen in living pt.
Autolysis is seen in tissues after death

Question 19

What is Coagulative Necrosis

Answer 19

The most common form of necrosis. Occurs when cell proteins are altered or denatured, similar to the coagulation that occurs when cooking eggs.

Question 20

What is an example of Coagulative necrosis?

Answer 20

Heart tissue going through anoxia (lack of oxygen) during an MI

Question 21

What are the 4 types of Necrosis?

Answer 21

1. Coagulative
2. Liquefiactive
3. Caseous
4. Fat

Question 22

What is Liquefactive Necrosis?

Answer 22

Dead cells liquify and become soft and gel-like due to enzymes

Question 23

What is the best example of Liquefactive Necrosis?

Answer 23

Brain cells liquify in the event of a stroke/CVA

Question 24

What is Caseous Necrosis?

Answer 24

A form of Coagulative necrosis that produces thick, yellow, cheesy substance

Question 25

What is an example of Caseous Necrosis?

Answer 25

Tuberculosis within the lungs that form caseous necrosis called the Ghon complex

Question 26

What is Fat Necrosis?

Answer 26

Liquefactive necrosis caused by lipolytic enzymes from a ruptured pancreas. The degraded fat turns into glycerol and FF. And the FF bind with calcium to make soaps and calcified specks

Question 27

What is the difference between Wet and Dry gangrene?

Answer 27

Necrotic tissue that has inflammation and secondary liquefaction is wet gangrene Black, mummified, dried out tissue is dry gangrene

Question 28

What is Dystrophic Calcifications?

Answer 28

Necrotic tissues that attract extracellular calcium deposits, often visible to the naked eye and are rock hard material

Question 29

What are the 4 examples of Dystrophic Calcifications?

Answer 29

1. Calcifications in atherosclerotic coronary arteries 2. Calcifications of the Mitral or Aortic valves 3. Calcifications seen around breast cancers 4. Infant periventricular calcifications

Question 30

What are Metastatic Calcifications?

Answer 30

Deranged calcium metabolism from high serum Ca levels that lead to Calcium deposits in other locations

Question 31

What is an example of Metastatic Calcifications?

Answer 31

Hyperparathyroidism Vitamin D toxicity Chronic Renal Failure