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Part 1 Pathophysiology > Cell and tissue > Flashcards

Cell and tissue Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

Causes hyperplasia

A

BPH, HPV, breast puberty, wound healing

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2
Q

Causes hypertrophy

A

Uterus pregnancy, breast pregnancy, cardiac muscle in chronic hypertension

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3
Q

Cardiac hypertrophy

A

mechanical sensors
growth factors
vasoactive agent ( alpha ag, AT II, endothilin 1)

Cause signal to transcription factors GATA4, MFAT, MEF2

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4
Q

Columnar to squamous metaplasia

A

resp tract due to smoking / vit A deficiency
salivary, pancreatic, biliary duct

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5
Q

Squamous to columnar metaplasia

A

Barretts osophagus

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6
Q

Karyolysis
Pyknosis
Karyorhexis

A

fading of nucleus
Shrinking
fragmentation

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7
Q

Necrotic cell microscopy

A

eosinophilia, loss glycogen, myelin figures, nuclear degradation, lysosomal swelling

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8
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

tissue architecture preserved - happens in gangrenous, solid organ ischaemia (brain liquefactive)

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9
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis

A

antibody/antigen complexes in vessel walls, bright pink area, seen in immunological disease e.g. lupus

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10
Q

caseous

A

friable and white, damages/ dead cells surrounded by inflam border

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11
Q

Cytochrome C

A

caspase released from mitochondria -.> apopoptosis

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12
Q

Antioxidants

A

Vits ACE, glutathione
enzymes - catalases, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase

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13
Q

Action on ROS

A

lipid peroxidation
oxidative modification proteins
lesions in DNA

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14
Q

Ischaemic reperfusion injury

A

free radicals from damaged mitochondria
ROS promote MPT pores inhibiting mitochondrial recovery
Inflamation + PMNs cause inc cytokines and adesion molecules
IgM deposition in tissue activating complement

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15
Q

C3b

A

opsonisation + phagocytosis

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16
Q

C3a and 5a

A

anaphylatoxins
histamine release
vasc permeability and vasodilation

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17
Q

C5a

A

chemotaxis - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
activates lipoxygenase arachidonic acid pathway

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18
Q

Complement outcome

A

inflamation (c3a and 5a)
Opsonisation and phagoytosis (C3b)
Cell lysis via MAC (C789)

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19
Q

Complement pathways

A

Classical - C1 antibody IgG/M
Alternative - C3 via surface molecules
Lectin - C1 mannose binding lectin binds to carb on microbe

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20
Q

Apoptosis

A

cell gets smaller, contents not leaked, no inflammatory reaction
morpphology - everything tightly packed, chromatin condensation, ytoplasmic blebs and apoptotic bodies

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21
Q

Apoptosis initiation pathways

A

extrinsic - death receptor TNFalpha binds cytokines
Intrinsic - mitochondrial, inc perm, regulated by BCL2 (antiapoptotic)

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22
Q

Apoptosis execution pathway

A

mediated caspases
8,9 initiate
3,6 execute

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23
Q

p53

A

tumour suppressor - cell cycle arrest at G1 / G2 checkpoint regulator

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24
Q

Common locations steatosis

A

liver, kidney, muscle
foamy appearance with macophages

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25
Appearance protein acumulation
rounded eosinophilic droplets or russell bodies in ER
26
Glycogen appearance in cells
clear vacuoles in cytoplasm, renal tubular cells in DM
27
Dystrophic vs metastatic calcification
dystrophic normal Ca level on damaged tissue Metastatic high Ca, on alkaline tissue kidney, resp gastric
28
telomere
repetitive nucleotide sequence at end of chromosome preventing degredation
29
TLRs
in vasc wall and inflam cells Innate immunity Recognise microbes
30
Step of leukocytes in inflamation
margination rolling firm adhesions with integrins diapedesis stimulated by IL 8
31
Cell response time
first 24 neutrophils then moocytes/ macrophages lymphocytes for viral eosinophils for hypersensitivity
32
Professional phagocytes
monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, mast cells
33
Opsonins
Fc fragment IgG, C3b
34
Termination acute inflamation
arachidonic acidd metabplites - lipoxin A4 and B4 anti inflam cytokines TGFb and IL10
35
Anti inflam cytokines
4,10,11,13 TGFb
36
Actions serotonin and histamine
smooth muscle contraction GIT and bronchi vasodilation locally Nerve ending activation with itch
37
Arachidonic acid stimulators
mechanical chemical phospholipase A2 C5a
38
Platelet activating factor
from phospholipids via phospholipase A2 stimulate plt to form TXA2 -> aggregation broncho and vasoconstriction Leukocyte activation
39
Bradykinin
from kininogen (plasma protein) via kallikrein enzyme inc vasc perm, vasodilation, contraction smooth muscle, pain
40
TXA2
from cox pathway Vasoconstriction and plt aggregation
41
5 lipoxygenase pathway
from arachidonic acid HETE + leukotriene B4 - chemotaxis and leukocyte adhesion leukotriene C4 D4 E4 vasoconstriction and inc vasc perm lipoxin A4 + B4 - supress inflamation
42
TNF, IL1
cytokines from macrophages, acute phase reaction +IL6 -> fever dec insulin sense TNF cachexia + NO production stimulate leukocyte production, adhesion to and migration through vessels
43
Serous inflammation
minimal cells, effusion inc vasc perm or local irritation e.g. burns or blister
44
fibrinous inflammation
fibrin passes out of blood to extracelular space mainly pleura, pericardium, meninges eosinophilic meshwork/ amorphous coagulation broken down by fibrinolysis/ becomes scar e.g. big injury or local to cancer
45
purulent inflammation
neutrophils, necrotic cells, oedema bacteria cause liquefactive necrosis central necrotic leukocytes, surrounded by preserved neutrophils and vascular dilation
46
Cells in chronic inflammation
macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosipnophils
47
Macrophage activation
classical - M1 - activated by IFNy, TLR activation, acute defence + inflam reactions alternative - M2 - IL4+13, tissue repair
48
Granulomatous inflamation
chronic inflammation with collections activated macropages macrophage with abundant cytoplasm - epithelioid cell 2 fused - giant cell FB type - non T cells Immune - t cell mediated
49
Causes granulomas
TB - caseating (amorphous, eosinopilic debris in centre) Cat scratch disease Sarcoid Syphilis Schistosomiasis Leprosy Crohns FB Silicosis Blastomycosis Temporal arteritis
50
Labile tisue
constantly dividing + replaced by stem cells haematopoetic cells Epithelial cells: stratified squamous - skin, oral, vagina, cervix cuboidal - ducts columnar - GI, uterus, fallopian tubes transitional - bladder
51
Stable tissue
in G0 of cell cycle, can divide (limited except liver) in response to injury solid organs endothelial cells Smooth muscle Fibroblasts, lymphocytes
52
Permanent tissue
non dividing neurons and cardiac tissue
53
TGF B
in plt, endothelium and lymphocytes and macrophages fibroblast chemotaxis collagen production Associated with fibrosis
54
TIV collagen
Basement membrane, goodpastures
55
TI collagen
bone and skin, osteogenesis imperfecta
56
TII collagen
cartilage, IV discs
57
TIII collagen
hollow organs
58
TV collagen
blood vessels EDS
59
Elastin
elastin core surrounded by fibrillin defects fibrillin in marfans
60
Hepatic regeneration
post partial heatectomy - 90% reenerated with proliferation hepatocytes priming phase - IL6 from kuppfer growth factor phase - HGF / TGFa restart cell cycle termination phase if damage to all liver cells some regen from oval stem cells
61
Cutaneous wound healing
D1 - VEGF, neutrophils D1-2 - epithelial cells migrate meet in midline D3 - macrophages replace neutrophils, granulation tissue with collagen D5 - peak angiogenesis, fibriblasts Week2 - decreased leukocytes, on going collagen and fibroblasts, blanching 1m - scar no inflam cells
62
Sutured wound strength
with sutures - 70% 1 week at suture removal - 10% 2-3m - 70-80%
63
Factors affecting wound healing
vit C deficiency, zinc deficiency, protein deficiency Uraemia, DM cytotoxics Marfans, EDS, osteogenesis
64
rER
has ribosomes protein synthesis (in ribosomes) post translational sorting/ polypeptide folding
65
sER
lipis synthesis steroid synthesis carb and drug metabolism gluconeogenesis calcium regulation
66
Nucleus contents
nucleosomes -DNA wrapped around protein, for packaging, gene regulation and epigenetics (histone modification) nucleolus - RNA for ribosomal synth double layered membrane
67
Centriole
no membrane organelle that organises microtubules
68
T1 hypersensitivity
IL4--> IgE, mast cells, histamine anaphylaxis, asthma
69
T2 hypersensitivity
antibody mediated, IgG + M against self antigens, leukocytes graves, goodpastures, autimmune haemolytic anaemia
70
T3 hypersensitivity
Antigen antibody complex, leukocytes + complement causing inflammation and necrotising vasculitis SLE, serum sickness, Arthur's reaction
71
T4 hypersensitivity
T-cell activation against self-antigens and T-cell–mediated cytotoxicity MS, type 1 diabetes, TB, IBD, and rheumatoid arthritis
72
PGD2 and E2
vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
73
wear and tear pigment
lipofuscin
74
antigen presenting cells
dendritic cells, macrophages, Langerhans cells, and B cells
75
Post splenectomy bloods
Thrombocytosis Heinz bodies in rbc Howell jolly bodies
76
Nuceoli
Most numerous in growing cells Site of ribosome synthesis
77
rER
Protein synthesis, folding etc
78
Ribosome
2 subuniys RNA 65% Translate mRNA into protein In rER
79
Main site increased vascular permeability
Post capillary venules
80
Prussian blue staining
Detects iron in tissue
81
Day collagen deposition in wound healing
D3 Initially TIII then TI

Part 1 Pathophysiology (15 decks)

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