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AP Biology > Cell Bio > Flashcards

Cell Bio Flashcards

1
Q

Modern Cell theory

A

All organisms composed of one or more cells

cell is the smallest entity THAT CAN LIVE

new cells are derived from preexisting cells

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2
Q

Unicellular Organisms

A

composed of only one unspecialized cell

cell has INDEPENDENT life

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3
Q

Multicellular Organisms

A

composed of multiple cells specialized for particular function

individualized special cells do NOT have independent life outside of the complete organism

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4
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

NO true nucleus

no membrane-bound organelles within the cytoplasm

ONLY UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS

ex. bacteria

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5
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

TRUE nucleus

have membrane-bound organelles

unicellular and multicellular organisms

10* larger than prokaryotic cells

ex. protists, plants, animals, and fungi

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6
Q

Organelles

A

specialized structures that perform a specific function

most are MEMBRANE BOUND

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7
Q

Organelles in ALL cell types (4)

A

DNA (chromosomes; genetic material), cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes

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8
Q

Flagella

A

in some prokaryotes and some animal cells

used for movement in water

attached to the cell membrane of SOME animal cells & prokaryotes

tail-like extension

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9
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

ONLY in eukaryotes - plant & animal cells

ROUGH - synthesis of proteins (ribosomes attached)
SMOOTH - produce lipids, breakdown alcohol and drugs (NO ribosomes attached)

found in the cytoplasm directly following the nucleus

membrane-bound
network of membrane-bound sacs that are attached

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10
Q

Central Vacuole

A

ONLY eukaryotes ONLY plants

Large sac used for storage of water
gives plant cells structure and rigidity

free-floating in the cytoplasm
occupies the maximum amount of available space within the cell

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11
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

ONLY eukaryotes BOTH plant and animal cells

provides structure and cell SHAPE

extends through the cytoplasm

NOT membrane-bound
network of PROTEIN fibers extending through the cytoplasm

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12
Q

Mitochondria

A

ONLY eukaryotes BOTH plant and animal cells

site of cellular respiration –> ATP synthesis

free floating throughout the cytoplasm

MEMBRANE_BOUND (has a DOUBLE MEMBRANE)
has its own ring of DNA and ribosomes

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13
Q

Pili

A

ONLY in some prokaryotes

attach to other surfaces and bacterial cells
used for conjugation - transfer of plasmids (genetic material) between two different bacterial cells

hair-like extensions from the cell wall

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14
Q

Centrioles

A

ONLY eukaryotes and animal cells

cytoskeleton PROTEINS responsible for pulling replicated chromosomes apart during cellular division

in PAIRS free-floating in the cytoplasm near the NUCLEUS

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15
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

ONLY eukaryotes both plant and animal cells

processing and packaging center of the cell –> modifies and packages proteins
proteins packed into vesicles for distribution outside of cell

free-floating in the cytoplasm
network of membrane-bound flattened sacs that are connected

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16
Q

Ribosome

A

ALL CELLS

make proteins

free-floating in the cytoplasm of BOTH prokaryotes and eukaryotes
ALSO found attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes

NOT membrane-bound
RNA wrapped around a protein

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17
Q

Nucleus

A

ONLY eukaryotes BOTH plant and animals

houses the chromatin (DNA wrapped around histone proteins)
control center of the cell

found in the cytoplasm
membrane-bound (NUCLEAR ENVELOPE)

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18
Q

Nucleolus

A

ONLY eukaryotes both plant and animal cells

makes ribosomes

free floating inside the NUCLEUS

not membrane-bound

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19
Q

Cell Wall

A

ALL prokaryotes ONLY eukaryotic plant cells

gives plant cells structure and rigidity - protection

OUTSIDE the cell membrane

composed of cellulose in plant cells
composed of peptidoglycan in prokaryotes

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20
Q

Chloroplast

A

ONLY eukaryotes & ONLY plant cells

site of photosynthesis –> solar energy into chemical energy

free floating in the cytoplasm

MEMBRANE-BOUND (double membrane)
own ring of DNA and contains chlorophyll

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21
Q

Plasmid

A

ONLY prokaryotes

carry EXTRA bacterial genes (typically not genes for traits required for survival)

free floating in the cytoplasm

small accessory rings of DNA
multiple present in a single cell
NOT membrane-bound

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22
Q

Lysosomes

A

ONLY eukaryotes - only ANIMAL cells

sacs that contain digestive enzymes that BREAK DOWN old organelles, waste, nutrients & invading bacterial cells

free floating in the cytoplasm

membrane-bound sacs

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23
Q

Cytoplasm

A

ALL CELLS

semi-fluid container for all the cell’s content, aids in cell shape, chemical resources for biochem reactions

entire available volume of the cell

composed mainly of H2O

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24
Q

Vacuole

A

ONLY in eukaryotes BOTH plant and animal cells

temporary sacs used for storage

free-floating in the cytoplasm

membrane-bound sacs

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25
Q

Vesicles

A

ONLY eukaryotes BOTH plant and animals

temporary sacs used for transport throughout the cell

free-floating

membrane-bound

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26
Q

Nucleoid

A

ONLY prokaryotes

region where bacterial chromosome (DNA) is located

cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells

27
Q

Chromatin

A

ONLY eukaryotes BOTH plant and animal

compacts the DNA that serves as the genetic material

free-floating INSIDE the nucleus

long linear pieces of DNA wrapped around HISTONE proteins
cells have MULTIPLE individual pieces of chromatin

28
Q

Gap Junction

A

ONLY eukaryotes ONLY animal cells

INCREASE COMMUNICATION between neighboring cells in a tissue

embedded as a protein channel within the cell membranes of two adjacent cells

not membrane-bound
BREAKS in the CELL WALLS

29
Q

Chromosomes in prokaryotic cells

A

of chromosomes = 1
shape = circular
location = free floating
composition - only DNA

30
Q

Chromosomes in eukaryotic cells

A

of chromosomes = multiple
shape = linear
location = nucleus
composition = chromatin (DNA + histone proteins)

31
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

ONLY eukaryotes ONLY plant cells

increases communication and flow of water and materials between neighboring plant cells

in the breaks in the cell wall of adjacent plant cells

NOT membrane-bound
BREAKS in the CELL WALLS

32
Q

As a cell grows ______ increases much more rapidly than ____

A

VOLUME

SURFACE AREA

33
Q

Cell surface area must be ___ compared to the volume for the exchange to be effective

A

LARGE

34
Q

If a cell has greater cell viability it is

A

ADVANTAGEOUS

35
Q

endosymbiotic theory hypothesizes that the 1st eukaryotic membrane-bound organelles were once _____

A

PROKARYOTES

36
Q

endosymbiotic theory proposes that mitochondria and chloroplast were once independent ______ engulfed by another _______

A

PROKARYOTIC CELL(S)

37
Q

What were the first primitive cells?

A

ANIMAL

Prokaryote consumed another prokaryote = mutualistic relationship, primitive mitochondria

primitive animal cell engulfed the second prokaryote = mutualistic relationship, primitive mitochondria

38
Q

Evidence of endosymbiotic theory

A

MITOCHONDRIA & CHLOROPLAST

both have free-floating DNA, free-floating ribosomes, and double membranes, similar in size to prokaryotes, replicate similarly to how prokaryotes replicate (binary fission)

39
Q

Membranous compartmentalization

A

allows for different metabolic processes to occur simultaneously which leads to greater cell efficiency

40
Q

Biological Membranes

A

separate inside and outside water

ALL composed of phospholipid bilayers

cell membranes & organelle membranes

41
Q

Phospholipid Bilayers

A

2 layers of phospholipids

hydrophilic heads (polar) face OUT towards the water (cytoplasm/ extracellular fluid)(

hydrophobic tails (nonpolar) shielded AWAY from the water

42
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Separate internal aqueous environment from external

selectively permeable (only certain materials enter/exit)

structure = FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
–> phospholipid bilayer and embedded/ attached proteins

43
Q

Cholesterol in Animal Cell Membranes

A

Cholesterol embedded within the phospholipid bilayer

unique to animal cells because they lack a cell wall

increase the flexibility and stability of the membrane

44
Q

Fluid Mosaic Structure

A

FLUID because proteins and phospholipids move/are not locked in place

phospholipids & proteins MUST remain embedded in the layer when they move

MOSAIC because different specialized cells have their own unique collection of attached proteins in their cell membranes

45
Q

Integral Protein

A

Type of membrane protein

embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
has polar & nonpolar regions
usually TRANSMEMBRANE (embedded across BOTh layers of the phospholipid bilayer)

46
Q

Transmembrane

A

embedded across BOTH layers of the phospholipid bilayer

47
Q

Peripheral Protein

A

Type of membrane protein

attached to the surface of the membrane
NOT embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

48
Q

Surface Antigens

A

cells recognize other cells by binding to ANTIGENS attached to the cell membrane of animal cells or walls of other cells

ANTIGENS are cell surface attachments that serve as identification tags
–> can be either carbohydrates or proteins

The diversity of the antigen molecules on the surface of the cell membrane or cell wall functions as markers that distinguish them from one another

49
Q

Membrane Protein Functions (6)

A

Cell-cell recognition
–> GLYCOPROTEINS = integral proteins with carbohydrate ANTIGEN

Enzymatic Activity
catalyze reactions - enzymes

Signal Transduction
cell communication, receptor proteins, transmembrane

Intercellular Joining
proteins from adjacent cells join together to form gap junctions, transmembrane

Attachment/Anchorage
anchor the cytoskeleton or extracellular matrix

Transport ***
channels & carriers

50
Q

GLYCOPROTEINS

A

used in cell-cell recognition

integral proteins with carbohydrate ANTIGEN

51
Q

GLYCOLIPIDS

A

membrane lipids with carbohydrate ANTIGEN attachments

52
Q

Channels

A

membrane proteins

transport proteins - TRANSMEMBRANE
act like a tunnel for specific molecules or ions to cross the cell membrane
characteristically closed –> MUST BE SIGNALED TO OPEN

53
Q

Carriers & Pumps (proteins)

A

membrane proteins

transport proteins - TRANSMEMBRANE
adhere to specific molecules or ions that cause the protein to change DRAMATICALLY in shape
change in the shape of the protein physically moves the ion or molecules across the membrane
characteristically closed –> must be SIGNALED TO OPEN

54
Q

Cell Walls

A

outside the cell membrane
Structural Boundary & protection
permeability BARRIER
–> reduces transport across the membrane
prokaryotes, plants, fungi
composed of polysaccharides
plants = cellulose
fungus - chitin

55
Q

Osmosis in Cells

A

ALL cells on earth are permeable to H2O

flows from HIGH -> LOW concentration

56
Q

Entropy

A

things will fall to disorder

57
Q

Hypotonic

A

LOWER SOLUTE in concentration comparison to the cell cytoplasm

HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF WATER in comparison to the cell cytoplasm

net flow of water INTO the cell = cell SWELLS in size

58
Q

Hypertonic

A

HIGHER SOLUTE concentration in comparison the to the cell cytoplasm

LOWER WATE CONCENTRATION in comparison to the cell cytoplasm

net flow water OUT of the cell = cell SHRINKS in size

59
Q

Isotonic

A

EQUAL SOLUTE CONCENTRATION in comparison to the cell cytoplasm

EQUAL WATER CONCENTRATION in comparison to the cell cytoplasm

no net flow = no change in size

60
Q

Osmoregulation

A

can predict the direction of H2O flow in all cells, but the IMPACT depends on the type of eukaryotic cells (different cells have different preferred environments)

multicellular organisms will osmoregulate to maintain their preferred environment

regulate flow of H2O to maintain homeostasis

61
Q

Animal cells prefer ___ environments

A

ISOTONIC

have no cell walls

what concentrations are isotonic is species-specific

62
Q

Plant cells prefer _____ environments

A

HYPOTONIC

they have cell walls –> cells are turgid (very firm)

isotonic -> flaccid (limp)
hypertonic -> plasmolyze (membrane detaches from the cell wall)

63
Q

Water Potential

A

how likely it is for water to diffuse across a membrane

assumes pure H2O

maximum value = 0 (wp values are negative)

AP Biology (6 decks)

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