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AP Biology > Cell Bio > Flashcards

Cell Bio Flashcards

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1
Q

Modern Cell theory

A

All organisms composed of one or more cells

cell is the smallest entity THAT CAN LIVE

new cells are derived from preexisting cells

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2
Q

Unicellular Organisms

A

composed of only one unspecialized cell

cell has INDEPENDENT life

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3
Q

Multicellular Organisms

A

composed of multiple cells specialized for particular function

individualized special cells do NOT have independent life outside of the complete organism

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4
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

NO true nucleus

no membrane-bound organelles within the cytoplasm

ONLY UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS

ex. bacteria

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5
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

TRUE nucleus

have membrane-bound organelles

unicellular and multicellular organisms

10* larger than prokaryotic cells

ex. protists, plants, animals, and fungi

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6
Q

Organelles

A

specialized structures that perform a specific function

most are MEMBRANE BOUND

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7
Q

Organelles in ALL cell types (4)

A

DNA (chromosomes; genetic material), cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes

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8
Q

Flagella

A

in some prokaryotes and some animal cells

used for movement in water

attached to the cell membrane of SOME animal cells & prokaryotes

tail-like extension

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9
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

ONLY in eukaryotes - plant & animal cells

ROUGH - synthesis of proteins (ribosomes attached)
SMOOTH - produce lipids, breakdown alcohol and drugs (NO ribosomes attached)

found in the cytoplasm directly following the nucleus

membrane-bound
network of membrane-bound sacs that are attached

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10
Q

Central Vacuole

A

ONLY eukaryotes ONLY plants

Large sac used for storage of water
gives plant cells structure and rigidity

free-floating in the cytoplasm
occupies the maximum amount of available space within the cell

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11
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

ONLY eukaryotes BOTH plant and animal cells

provides structure and cell SHAPE

extends through the cytoplasm

NOT membrane-bound
network of PROTEIN fibers extending through the cytoplasm

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12
Q

Mitochondria

A

ONLY eukaryotes BOTH plant and animal cells

site of cellular respiration –> ATP synthesis

free floating throughout the cytoplasm

MEMBRANE_BOUND (has a DOUBLE MEMBRANE)
has its own ring of DNA and ribosomes

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13
Q

Pili

A

ONLY in some prokaryotes

attach to other surfaces and bacterial cells
used for conjugation - transfer of plasmids (genetic material) between two different bacterial cells

hair-like extensions from the cell wall

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14
Q

Centrioles

A

ONLY eukaryotes and animal cells

cytoskeleton PROTEINS responsible for pulling replicated chromosomes apart during cellular division

in PAIRS free-floating in the cytoplasm near the NUCLEUS

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15
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

ONLY eukaryotes both plant and animal cells

processing and packaging center of the cell –> modifies and packages proteins
proteins packed into vesicles for distribution outside of cell

free-floating in the cytoplasm
network of membrane-bound flattened sacs that are connected

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16
Q

Ribosome

A

ALL CELLS

make proteins

free-floating in the cytoplasm of BOTH prokaryotes and eukaryotes
ALSO found attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes

NOT membrane-bound
RNA wrapped around a protein

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17
Q

Nucleus

A

ONLY eukaryotes BOTH plant and animals

houses the chromatin (DNA wrapped around histone proteins)
control center of the cell

found in the cytoplasm
membrane-bound (NUCLEAR ENVELOPE)

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18
Q

Nucleolus

A

ONLY eukaryotes both plant and animal cells

makes ribosomes

free floating inside the NUCLEUS

not membrane-bound

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19
Q

Cell Wall

A

ALL prokaryotes ONLY eukaryotic plant cells

gives plant cells structure and rigidity - protection

OUTSIDE the cell membrane

composed of cellulose in plant cells
composed of peptidoglycan in prokaryotes

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20
Q

Chloroplast

A

ONLY eukaryotes & ONLY plant cells

site of photosynthesis –> solar energy into chemical energy

free floating in the cytoplasm

MEMBRANE-BOUND (double membrane)
own ring of DNA and contains chlorophyll

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21
Q

Plasmid

A

ONLY prokaryotes

carry EXTRA bacterial genes (typically not genes for traits required for survival)

free floating in the cytoplasm

small accessory rings of DNA
multiple present in a single cell
NOT membrane-bound

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22
Q

Lysosomes

A

ONLY eukaryotes - only ANIMAL cells

sacs that contain digestive enzymes that BREAK DOWN old organelles, waste, nutrients & invading bacterial cells

free floating in the cytoplasm

membrane-bound sacs

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23
Q

Cytoplasm

A

ALL CELLS

semi-fluid container for all the cell’s content, aids in cell shape, chemical resources for biochem reactions

entire available volume of the cell

composed mainly of H2O

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24
Q

Vacuole

A

ONLY in eukaryotes BOTH plant and animal cells

temporary sacs used for storage

free-floating in the cytoplasm

membrane-bound sacs

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25
Vesicles
ONLY eukaryotes BOTH plant and animals temporary sacs used for transport throughout the cell free-floating membrane-bound
26
Nucleoid
ONLY prokaryotes region where bacterial chromosome (DNA) is located cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells
27
Chromatin
ONLY eukaryotes BOTH plant and animal compacts the DNA that serves as the genetic material free-floating INSIDE the nucleus long linear pieces of DNA wrapped around HISTONE proteins cells have MULTIPLE individual pieces of chromatin
28
Gap Junction
ONLY eukaryotes ONLY animal cells INCREASE COMMUNICATION between neighboring cells in a tissue embedded as a protein channel within the cell membranes of two adjacent cells not membrane-bound BREAKS in the CELL WALLS
29
Chromosomes in prokaryotic cells
of chromosomes = 1 shape = circular location = free floating composition - only DNA
30
Chromosomes in eukaryotic cells
of chromosomes = multiple shape = linear location = nucleus composition = chromatin (DNA + histone proteins)
31
Plasmodesmata
ONLY eukaryotes ONLY plant cells increases communication and flow of water and materials between neighboring plant cells in the breaks in the cell wall of adjacent plant cells NOT membrane-bound BREAKS in the CELL WALLS
32
As a cell grows ______ increases much more rapidly than ____
VOLUME SURFACE AREA
33
Cell surface area must be ___ compared to the volume for the exchange to be effective
LARGE
34
If a cell has greater cell viability it is
ADVANTAGEOUS
35
endosymbiotic theory hypothesizes that the 1st eukaryotic membrane-bound organelles were once _____
PROKARYOTES
36
endosymbiotic theory proposes that mitochondria and chloroplast were once independent ______ engulfed by another _______
PROKARYOTIC CELL(S)
37
What were the first primitive cells?
ANIMAL Prokaryote consumed another prokaryote = mutualistic relationship, primitive mitochondria primitive animal cell engulfed the second prokaryote = mutualistic relationship, primitive mitochondria
38
Evidence of endosymbiotic theory
MITOCHONDRIA & CHLOROPLAST both have free-floating DNA, free-floating ribosomes, and double membranes, similar in size to prokaryotes, replicate similarly to how prokaryotes replicate (binary fission)
39
Membranous compartmentalization
allows for different metabolic processes to occur simultaneously which leads to greater cell efficiency
40
Biological Membranes
separate inside and outside water ALL composed of phospholipid bilayers *cell membranes & organelle membranes*
41
Phospholipid Bilayers
2 layers of phospholipids hydrophilic heads (polar) face OUT towards the water (cytoplasm/ extracellular fluid)( hydrophobic tails (nonpolar) shielded AWAY from the water
42
Cell Membrane
Separate internal aqueous environment from external selectively permeable (only certain materials enter/exit) structure = FLUID MOSAIC MODEL --> phospholipid bilayer and embedded/ attached proteins
43
Cholesterol in Animal Cell Membranes
Cholesterol embedded within the phospholipid bilayer unique to animal cells because they lack a cell wall increase the flexibility and stability of the membrane
44
Fluid Mosaic Structure
FLUID because proteins and phospholipids move/are not locked in place phospholipids & proteins MUST remain embedded in the layer when they move MOSAIC because different specialized cells have their own unique collection of attached proteins in their cell membranes
45
Integral Protein
Type of membrane protein embedded in the phospholipid bilayer has polar & nonpolar regions usually TRANSMEMBRANE (embedded across BOTh layers of the phospholipid bilayer)
46
Transmembrane
embedded across BOTH layers of the phospholipid bilayer
47
Peripheral Protein
Type of membrane protein attached to the surface of the membrane NOT embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
48
Surface Antigens
cells recognize other cells by binding to ANTIGENS attached to the cell membrane of animal cells or walls of other cells ANTIGENS are cell surface attachments that serve as identification tags --> can be either carbohydrates or proteins The diversity of the antigen molecules on the surface of the cell membrane or cell wall functions as markers that distinguish them from one another
49
Membrane Protein Functions (6)
Cell-cell recognition --> GLYCOPROTEINS = integral proteins with carbohydrate ANTIGEN Enzymatic Activity catalyze reactions - enzymes Signal Transduction cell communication, receptor proteins, transmembrane Intercellular Joining proteins from adjacent cells join together to form gap junctions, transmembrane Attachment/Anchorage anchor the cytoskeleton or extracellular matrix Transport *** channels & carriers
50
GLYCOPROTEINS
used in cell-cell recognition integral proteins with carbohydrate ANTIGEN
51
GLYCOLIPIDS
membrane lipids with carbohydrate ANTIGEN attachments
52
Channels
membrane proteins transport proteins - TRANSMEMBRANE act like a tunnel for specific molecules or ions to cross the cell membrane characteristically closed --> MUST BE SIGNALED TO OPEN
53
Carriers & Pumps (proteins)
membrane proteins transport proteins - TRANSMEMBRANE adhere to specific molecules or ions that cause the protein to change DRAMATICALLY in shape change in the shape of the protein physically moves the ion or molecules across the membrane characteristically closed --> must be SIGNALED TO OPEN
54
Cell Walls
outside the cell membrane Structural Boundary & protection permeability BARRIER --> reduces transport across the membrane prokaryotes, plants, fungi composed of polysaccharides plants = cellulose fungus - chitin
55
Osmosis in Cells
ALL cells on earth are permeable to H2O flows from HIGH -> LOW concentration
56
Entropy
things will fall to disorder
57
Hypotonic
LOWER SOLUTE in concentration comparison to the cell cytoplasm HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF WATER in comparison to the cell cytoplasm net flow of water INTO the cell = cell SWELLS in size
58
Hypertonic
HIGHER SOLUTE concentration in comparison the to the cell cytoplasm LOWER WATE CONCENTRATION in comparison to the cell cytoplasm net flow water OUT of the cell = cell SHRINKS in size
59
Isotonic
EQUAL SOLUTE CONCENTRATION in comparison to the cell cytoplasm EQUAL WATER CONCENTRATION in comparison to the cell cytoplasm no net flow = no change in size
60
Osmoregulation
can predict the direction of H2O flow in all cells, but the IMPACT depends on the type of eukaryotic cells (different cells have different preferred environments) multicellular organisms will osmoregulate to maintain their preferred environment **regulate flow of H2O to maintain homeostasis**
61
Animal cells prefer ___ environments
ISOTONIC have no cell walls *what concentrations are isotonic is species-specific*
62
Plant cells prefer _____ environments
HYPOTONIC they have cell walls --> cells are turgid (very firm) isotonic -> flaccid (limp) hypertonic -> plasmolyze (membrane detaches from the cell wall)
63
Water Potential
how likely it is for water to diffuse across a membrane **assumes pure H2O** maximum value = 0 (wp values are negative)

AP Biology (6 decks)

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