cell bio ch 6

Question 0

Kinetic energy

Answer 0

The energy of motion

Question 1

Energy

Answer 1

The capacity to do work

Question 2

Potential energy

Answer 2

Stored energy

Question 3

Most forms of energy can be converted into…

Answer 3

Heat energy

Question 4

Heat energy is measured in…?

Answer 4

Calories

Question 5

Calorie

Answer 5

Heat energy required to raise the temp of 1 g of water 1 degree C

Question 6

1 kilocalorie

Answer 6

1000 calories and 1 food Calorie

Question 7

Light energy is converted into

Answer 7

Chemical energy

Question 8

Chemical energy is converted into

Answer 8

Kinetic energy

Question 9

Potential energy stored in chemical bonds can be transferred from one molecule to another by way of

Answer 9

Electrons

Question 10

Oxidation

Answer 10

Loss of electrons

Question 11

Reduction

Answer 11

Gain of electrons

Question 12

Redox reactions

Answer 12

Coupled to each other (in the reaction one component loses the electron while the other one gains [A + B = A+ + B-])

Question 13

First law of thermodynamics

Answer 13

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Question 14

Second law of thermodynamics

Answer 14

Without external energy input, all systems become more disorderly over time

Question 15

Without an external energy source all closed systems increase in

Answer 15

Entropy

Question 16

Free energy

Answer 16

Energy available to do work

Question 17

Symbol for free energy

Answer 17

G

Question 18

Enthalpy

Answer 18

Energy contained in a molecules chemical bonds

Question 19

Equation for free energy

Answer 19

Free energy = enthalpy - (temp x entropy)

G = H - TS

Question 20

Chemical reactions can create changes in free energy

Answer 20

(Delta) G = (delta) H - T (delta)S

Question 21

When products contain more free energy than reactants…

Answer 21

(delta)G is positive

Question 22

When reactants contain more free energy than products

Answer 22

(delta)G is negative

Question 23

Endergonic reaction

Answer 23

Requires the input of energy

Question 24

Exergonic reaction

Answer 24

A reaction that releases energy

Question 25

Activation energy

Answer 25

Energy needed to get a reaction started by destabilizing existing chemical bonds

Question 26

Catalysts

Answer 26

Substances that lower the activation energy

Question 27

ATP

Answer 27

Adenosine triphosphate | The energy "currency" of cells

Question 28

ATP structure

Answer 28

Ribose, adenine, and three phosphates

Question 29

Ribose

Answer 29

A 5-C sugar

Question 30

Adenine

Answer 30

A nucleotide

Question 31

Where does ATP store its energy?

Answer 31

Phosphate bonds

Question 32

Phosphates are electronegative, so... (3 things)

Answer 32

They repel each other Lots of energy is required to keep them bound together And much energy is released when the bonds are broken

Question 33

When the bond between phosphates is broken by hydrolysis...

Answer 33

Energy is released

Question 34

ADP

Answer 34

Adenosine diphosphate

Question 35

Pi

Answer 35

Inorganic phosphate

Question 36

Equation for broken phosphate bonds

Answer 36

ATP --> ADP + Pi

Question 37

Energy released when ATP is hydrolyzed

Answer 37

Can fuel endergonic reactions

Question 38

Energy released from exergonic reactions can be used

Answer 38

To produce ATP from ADP + Pi

Question 39

Enzymes

Answer 39

Molecules that catalyze biological reactions

Question 40

Nearly all enzymes are

Answer 40

Proteins

Question 41

Enzymes

Answer 41

Lower the activation energy required for a reaction and are not permanently changed or consumed by the reactions

Question 42

Substrates

Answer 42

Molecules that will undergo a reaction

Question 43

Active site

Answer 43

Region of the enzyme that binds to the substrate

Question 44

Induced fit

Answer 44

Enzyme substrate binding causes the enzyme to change shape to produce a better fit

Question 45

Certain reactions involving RNA molecules are catalyze by...

Answer 45

The RNA itself

Question 46

Ribozymes

Answer 46

RNA with enzymatic abilities

Question 47

Enzyme function is affected by

Answer 47

It's environment

Question 48

Factors that can change an enzyme's 3D shape can also

Answer 48

Change its function

Question 49

Factors that can change an enzymes shape include: (4)

Answer 49

pH Temp Regulatory molecules (co-enzymes or co-factors)

Question 50

How does temp affect enzyme activity?

Answer 50

Enzyme activity increases as temp increases until optimum temperature

Question 51

What happens when temp gets too high above optimum for an enzyme?

Answer 51

It can denature the enzyme and destroy its function

Question 52

What are the preferred pH values for enzymes?

Answer 52

6-8

Question 53

Inhibitors

Answer 53

Molecules that bind to enzymes and decrease their activity

Question 54

Competitive inhibitors

Answer 54

Compete with the substrate for binding to the active site

Question 55

Noncompetitive inhibitors

Answer 55

Bind to sites other than the enzymes active site

Question 56

Example of a noncompetitive inhibitor

Answer 56

Allosteric inhibitor

Question 57

Allosteric enzymes

Answer 57

Exist in either an active or inactive state and possess an allosteric site where molecules other than the substrate bind

Question 58

Allosteric inhibitors

Answer 58

Bind to the allosteric site to inactivate the enzyme

Question 59

Allosteric activators

Answer 59

Bind to the allosteric site to activate the enzyme

Question 60

Metabolism

Answer 60

All chemical reactions in an organism

Question 61

Anabolism

Answer 61

Endergonic reactions use energy to make chemical bonds

Question 62

Catabolism

Answer 62

Exergonic reactions break bonds and energy is released

Question 63

Some enzymes require additional molecules for proper activity. These molecules may be:

Answer 63

Co-factors or co-enzymes

Question 64

Co-factors

Answer 64

Usually metal ions found in the active site

Question 65

Co-enzymes

Answer 65

Nonprotein organic molecules often used as an electron donor or receptor in a redox reaction

Question 66

Biochemical pathways

Answer 66

Are a series of reactions in which the product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next reaction

Question 67

Multienzyme complexes in membranes (3)

Answer 67

The product of one reaction is directly delivered to the next enzyme Unwanted side reactions are reduced Reactions can be regulated as a unit

Question 68

Feedback inhibition

Answer 68

In which the end product of the pathway is an allosteric inhibitor of an earlier enzyme in the pathway