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Biology: > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

Animal cell, Plant cell, Bacterial cell, prokaryotic cell, eukaryotic cell, Magnitude, Electronic Microscope, Light microscope, Differentiation, Specialised cells, Plant tissues, Stem cells, Therapeutic cloning, Cell cycle +mitosis

1
Q

Define what a cell is?

A

Smallest unit of life + basic structure and functional unit of all known living organisms

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2
Q

What is organelle?

A

Tiny cellular structure that performs specific functions within a cell

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3
Q

What makes up a tissue?

A

Group of cells which function together

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4
Q

What makes up an organ?

A

Group of tissues

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5
Q

What makes up an organ system?

A

Group of organs

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6
Q

Function of nucleus?

A

Controls activities within the cell

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7
Q

Function of cytoplasm?

A

Where chemicals reaction occur

> Gas exchange

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8
Q

Function of cell membrane?

A

Controls movement of substances in and out of cell

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9
Q

Function of cell wall?

Plant

A

Made of cellulose and provides strength and support

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10
Q

Function of a chloroplast?

Plant

A

Contains chlorophyll which traps light for photosynthesis

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11
Q

Function of a Vacuole?

A

Large space containing cell sap + keep cell rigid

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12
Q

Function of a Mitochondria?

A

Oxygen is used and energy released during respiration

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13
Q

Function of a Ribosome?

A

Site of protein synthesis.

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14
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

Unicellular organism which doesn’t have any membrane bound organelle.

> Bactetial cell

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15
Q

What is a Eukaryotic cell?

A

Membrane bound organelle

> Animal cell
Plant cell

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16
Q

What does Eukaryotic cell that Prokaryotes don’t?

A

> Nucleus

> Mitochondria

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17
Q

What does a prokaryotic cell have?

A 
>Free floating DNA
>Flagellum
>Plasmids
>Cytoplasm 
>Ribosomes
>Cell membrane
>Cell wall
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18
Q

How much bigger arw Eukaryotic cells?

A

10 × larger

1 order of magnitude

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19
Q

What is in an animal cell?

A

> Nucleus

> Cell membrane

> Cytoplasm

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20
Q

What is in a plant cell?

A 
>Nucleus
>Cytoplasm
>Cell membrane
>Vacuole
>Chloroplast 
>Cell wall
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21
Q

Order Of Magnitude?

A

10 × bigger = 1 order magnitude

=10^1

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22
Q

How to calculate Order of Magnitude?

A

Small number

> Answer = more than 10 = 10^1

> Answer =more than 100 =10^2

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23
Q

What is Magnification?

A

Making small objects seem bigger

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24
Q

How to calculate Magnification?

A

Magnification = Image
————
Actual

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25
Q

What is Resolution?

A

Smallest distance 2 objects can be apart before they appear as 1/blur

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26
Q

What are 2 types of Microscopes?

A

> Light

> Electron

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27
Q

When are light microscopes used?

A

To test LIVING organisms

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28
Q

Which Mucroscope has best Resolution + Magnification?

A

Electron

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29
Q

Light Mucroscope?

A

Lower mag

Worse resolution

Study living organisms

2D image

Cheaper

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30
Q

Electron Microscope?

A

Higher mag

Better resolution

Dead organism

Colour Image

3D image

Expensive

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31
Q

Key features of a microscope? (6)

A

Focus Adjuster

Mirror

Steye

Slide

Eyepiece

Objective Lens

32
Q

Function of Focus Adjuster?

Microscope

A

Used to FOCUS image and make it appear clearer

33
Q

Function of Mirror?

Microscope

A

Used to REFLECT light onto sample so it can be seen

34
Q

Function of Stage?

A

Slide is placed ready for viewing

35
Q

Function of slide?

A

Where specimen is placed to be studied

36
Q

Function of eyepiece?

A

Looked down to see specimen being studied

37
Q

Function of Objective Lens?

A

Used to INCREASE MAGNIFICATION

38
Q

1cm -> 10mm ?

A

×10

39
Q

1mm -> 1000μm (micrometer)

A

×1000

40
Q

1μm -> 1000nm (nanometer)

A

×1000

41
Q

What is Differentiation?

A

When a cell becomes SPECIALISED for a specific function and can’t become a different cell

42
Q

What is a Specialised cell?

A

A cell which has a specific structure to carry out a particular function

43
Q

How is a Muscle cell Specialised?

A

A lot of Mitochondria -> respiration required for contractions

44
Q

How is an Epithelial Cell specialised?

A

Cilia (sweep extensions) -> can move mucus from airway

45
Q

How is a Palisade cell specialised?

Plant

A

Chloroplasts -> can trap light for photosynthesis

46
Q

How is a Root Hair cell specialised?

Plant

A

Long extensions -> Can reach and absorb more water

No chloroplast -> no light at Roots so doesn’t need to trap light

47
Q

How is a Red Blood cell specialised?

A

No nucleus -> More space for our

Large SA -> More 02 diffused into cell

Haemoglobin -> Helps to transport 02 in blood

48
Q

How is a Nerve cell specialised?

A

Long Dendrites -> Transports messages over long distances + connects nerve cells

49
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

Undifferentiated cell which can be specialised ro become any other cell

50
Q

Where are stem cells found in animals?

A

Embryos

Bone marrow

51
Q

Where are stem cells found in a plant?

A

Root

Shoot tip

52
Q

What are stem cells used for in plants?

A

Cloning

Prevent Extinction

Monoculture

53
Q

What are stem cells used for in animals?

A

Treat paralysis

Test drugs

54
Q

What is Monoculture?

A

Growing same crops

55
Q

Why is Monoculture bad?

A

Fewer Habitats

Environmental Issues

56
Q

What Ethical issues do stem cells have?

A

Is it an embryo a life?

57
Q

What religious issues do stem cells have?

A

Is it playing god?

58
Q

Why are bone marrow stem cells not ideal?

A

Cells from bone marrow (adult stem cells) can only be specialised into certain cells

59
Q

How can we grow/use stem cells without rejection?

A

Therapeutic Cloning

60
Q

Describe Processe of Therapeuric Cloning?

A

1 Nucleus (A) removed from donor egg cell

2 Nucleus (B) removed from patient body cell

3 Nucleus B inserted into egg cell

4 Cells divided into embryo

5 Stem cells grown + specialised

6 Treat patient

61
Q

Advantages of Therapeutic Cloning?

A

Reduced risk

Less donors needed

Less time to wait

Lower risk than transplant

Quicker recovery

62
Q

Disadvantages if Therapeutic Cloning?

A

Still risk

Unknown side effects

Limited use = Limited Knowledge

Donors needed

Long term?

63
Q

Adult stem cells +/-?

Bone marrow

A

+Consented
+little pain
+Reliable technique

-Only specialised into certain cells

64
Q

Stem cells from embryo +/-?

A

+Can be specialised into any cell
+More available

  • Unethical
  • Unknown risk
  • Unconsented
65
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

Regular cell division separated by periods of cell growth

66
Q

Why is cell division important?

A

Differentiate (become different cells)

Growth + Repair

67
Q

What is a form of cellular division?

A

Mitosis

68
Q

What comes from Mitosis?

A

2 IDENTICAL Cells

69
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do bodies have?

A

23 pairs

70
Q

Cell cycle STAGE ONE?

A

Growth

71
Q

What happens in STAGE ONE of cell division?

A

Cell replicates organelle

Cell replicates DNA (23×2)

> LONGEST STAGE

72
Q

What is STAGE TWO of cell division?

A

Mitosis

73
Q

What happens in STAGE TWO of cell cycle?

A

Chromosomes line up in middle of cell

One set pulled to each end of dividing cell

Two nuclei form

74
Q

What is STAGE THREE of cell division?

A

Division

75
Q

What happens in STAGE THREE of cell division?

A

Cytoplasm + cell membrane divides

2 IDENTICAL cells form

Biology: (8 decks)

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