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Biology Paper 1 > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Give two examples of eukaryotic cells.

A

Plant and Animal cells

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2
Q

Give one example of a prokaryotic cell.

A

Bacterial cells

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3
Q

Where is the genetic material located in a bacterial cell?

A

In the plasmids

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4
Q

What are the 5 similarities between plant and animal cells?

A

A nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes

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5
Q

What sub cellular structures are only found in plant cells?

A

Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Permanent vacuole

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6
Q

When do animal cells differentiate?

A

Early stages

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7
Q

When do plant cells differentiate?

A

Throughout life

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8
Q

How are sperm cells specialised?

A

Tail (flagellum) to help navigate

Lots of mitochondria in midsection for energy to help swim

Acrosome (enzyme) at head to digest egg wall

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9
Q

How are nerve cells specialised?

A

Long axon to carry messages over long distances

Dendrites at the ends to connect to other nerve cells

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10
Q

How are muscle cells specialised?

A

Long so they have space to contract

Lots of mitochondria to generate energy for contraction

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11
Q

How are root hair cells specialised?

A

Big surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from soil

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12
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

Size of image/size of real object

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13
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Chromosomes made of DNA molecules

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14
Q

What are chromosomes normally found in?

A

Pairs

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15
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

Molecules of DNA.

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16
Q

What do genes do?

A

Encode/produce proteins

17
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

Involved in cell growth and division. Involves mitosis which allows for growth, repair and asexual reproduction of cells.

18
Q

What is the first stage of the cell cycle?

A

Growth stage - extra sub-cellular structures are produced. Cell chromosomes are replicated so that there are two sets.

19
Q

What is the 2nd stage of the cell cycle?

A

Mitosis - Chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. The nucleus splits in two. Mitosis ensures both daughter cells have same chromosomes.

20
Q

What is the 3rd (last) stage of the cell cycle?

A

Two identical cells are created by division of cytoplasm and cell membrane.

21
Q

Where are stem cells found in humans?

A

Bone marrow and embryos

22
Q

What is the difference between stem cells found in bone marrow and embryos?

A

Stem cells in embryos can differentiate into most cell types, ones in bone marrow can only differentiate into a few.

23
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants?

A

Meristem

24
Q

What the advantages of stem cell research?

A

Stem cells may replace damaged cells in the body

Plant stem cells can produce cloned plants cheaply and quickly

Therapeutic cloning - creates an embryo with the same genome as patient - their body will not reject the stem cells from embryo

25
Q

What are the disadvantages of stem cell research?

A

Viral infections

Ethical/religious beliefs - may believe that life begins at conception

26
Q

What 3 factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Membrane surface area (larger surface area = faster rate of diffusion)

Temperature (higher temperature = faster rate)

Concentration gradient (bigger difference in concentration = faster rate)

27
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a dilute to concentrated solution.

28
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of particles against a concentration gradient. This requires energy.

29
Q

What are the 3 main forms of transport in cells?

A

Osmosis

Diffusion

Active Transport

30
Q

What sub-cellular structures missing from prokaryotic cells that are in eukaryotic cells?

A

Nucleus

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Biology Paper 1 (4 decks)

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