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huda bio > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Eukaryotic (Plants and Animal)
Prokaryotic (Bacteria)

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2
Q

Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells carry their DNA in a nucleus.

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3
Q

What is the prokaryotic cell wall made up of?

A

Peptidoglycan.

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4
Q

How is the genetic information stored in a prokaryotic cell?

A

In plasmid
Found free within the cytoplasm.

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5
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small circular loops of DNA.
Carry genes that provide genetic advantages such as antibiotic resistance

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6
Q

List the 5 components that are in both plant cells and animal cells?

A

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes

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7
Q

List the 3 additional components in a plant cell?

A

Vacuole
Chloroplast
Cell wall

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8
Q

What is the function of a nucleus?

A

Controls cellular activities
Stores genetic information.

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9
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

Site of cellular reactions e.g respiration.

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10
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls what goes in and out of the cell.

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11
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration.
Provides energy for the cell.

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12
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis

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13
Q

What is the plant cell wall made up of?

A

Cellulose.

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14
Q

What is the function of the plant cell wall?

A

Provides strength
Prevents the cell from bursting when water enters by osmosis.

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15
Q

What does the permanent vacuole contain?

A

Cell sap (solution of sugars and salts)

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16
Q

Function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Supports the cell maintaining its turgidity.

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17
Q

Function of chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis.

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18
Q

How are sperm cells adapted in animals (4)?

A

Haploid nucleus contains genetic information.
Tail enables movement.
Mitochondria provides energy for tail movement.
Acrosome contains enzymes that digest the egg cell membrane.

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19
Q

How are nerve cells adapted for their function? (3)

A

Long axon
Dendrites
Myelin Sheath

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20
Q

What does the long axon do?

A

Allows electrical impulses to be transmitted all around the body from the CNS.

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21
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Connect to and receive impulses from other nerve cells, muscles and glands.

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22
Q

What does the myelin sheath do?

A

Insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of impulses along the nerve cell.

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23
Q

Muscle cells adaptations? (2)

A

Mitochondria provides energy for muscle contraction.
Protein filaments allow them to slide over each other to produce muscle contraction.

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24
Q

How are root hair cells adapted for their function (2)?

A

Large surface area to absorb nutrients and water from surrounding soil.
Thin walls that do not restrict water absorption.

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25
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

The process by which cells become specialised.

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26
Q

Why is cell differentiation important?

A

Produces different tissues and organs that perform vital functions in the human body.

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27
Q

What point in their life cycle do animal cells differentiate?

A

Early in their life cycle.

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28
Q

How long do plants retain the ability to differentiate?

A

Their entire life cycle.

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29
Q

Purpose of cell division?

A

Repair and replace cells.

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30
Q

Define magnification?

A

The number of times bigger an image appears compared to the size of the real object.

31
Q

Define resolution?

A

The smallest distance between two objects that can be distinguished.

32
Q

How does a light microscope work?

A

Passes a beam of light through a specimen which travels through the eyepiece lens, allowing the specimen to be observed.

33
Q

4 advantages of a light microscope?

A

Inexpensive
Easy to use
Portable
Observe both dead and living organisms.

34
Q

Disadvantage of light microscopes?

A

Limited resolution

35
Q

2 advantages of an electron microscope?

A

Greater Resolution
Greater Magnification

36
Q

Benefits of electron microscopes for the future of science?

A

Scientists can observe sub-cellular structures within a cell in detail.
Scientists can develop more accurate explanations on how the structure of a cell relates to its function.

37
Q

5 disadvantages of electron microscopes?

A

Expensive
Large
Less portable
Requires training to use
Only observe dead specimen

38
Q

Magnification equation?

A

Size of image/Size of real object = Magnification

39
Q

Why must petri dishes be sterilised before use?

A

To kill any present bacteria.

40
Q

Why are cultures incubated at 25 degrees Celsius in a school laboratory?

A

Harmful pathogens are less likely to grow in this temperature.

41
Q

Why must the petri dish lid be secured with adhesive tape?

A

Stops bacteria in the air from contaminating the culture.

42
Q

Why must the petri dish not be fully secured?

A

To prevent the growth of anaerobic bacteria in a lack of oxygen.

43
Q

Why must the whole dish be stored upside down?

A

Prevent condensation from forming and dripping onto the colonies.

44
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

Chromosomes consist of DNA molecules combined with proteins. They contain genes which provide the instructions for protein synthesis.

45
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that codes for a protein.

46
Q

How many chromosomes are in a human body?

A

46

47
Q

What are the 3 main stages of the cell cycle?

A

1.Replication of DNA and synthesis of organelles
2.Mitosis
3.Division of the cell

48
Q

Why is mitosis important?

A

Produces identical cells which have the same genetic information.
Growth
Repair

49
Q

First stage of the cell cycle?

A

Cells grow and increase in mass, replicate the DNA, synthesise more organelles.

50
Q

Second stage of the cell cycle?

A

Each chromosome is pulled to opposite poles of the cell then the nucleus divides.

51
Q

Third stage of the cell cycle?

A

Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide. Two identical daughter cells are produced.

52
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An unspecialised cell which is capable of differentiating into other cell types.

53
Q

Pros of embryonic stem cells?

A

Can treat paralysis and diabetes by dividing to replace damaged cells.

54
Q

Function of stem cells in adult bone marrow?

A

Can differentiate into several cell types to replace dead or damaged tissues.

55
Q

Function of stem cells in plant meristems?

A

Meristem stem cells retain the ability to differentiate into any type of plant cell throughout their lifespan.

56
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

A cloning method where an embryo is produced with the same genetic makeup as the patient. The stem cells wont be rejected by the patient’s immune system since it is from their own embryo so it can treat certain medical conditions.

57
Q

Advantage of cloning plants?

A

Can prevent extinction of rare plants.
Can produce identical plants for research.
Can produce large numbers of plants with a favourable characteristic.

58
Q

Issues associated with the use of stem cells? (3)

A

Many embryonic stem cells are sourced from aborted embryos (ethical and religious objections come from this)
Slow, expensive and difficult.
Infections can be transferred to patients if the adult stem cells are infected with viruses.

59
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

60
Q

3 main factors affecting the rate of diffusion?

A

Concentration gradient - larger gradient faster diffusion
Temperature - higher temp faster diffusion
Surface area - larger sa faster diffusion

61
Q

2 examples of substances transported by diffusion in the lungs and the kidney?

A

Kidney - urea diffuses from the cells into the blood plasma so it can be excreted in urine.
Lungs - oxygen diffuses into the blood from the lungs and carbon dioxide diffuses into the lungs from the blood both down their concentration gradient.

62
Q

How are single celled organisms adapted for diffusion?

A

They have a large surface area to volume ratio which maximises the rate of diffusion of molecules to meet the organism’s needs.

63
Q

4 factors increasing the effectiveness of a gas exchange surface?

A

Large surface area
Thin membrane (short diffusion pathway)
Efficient blood supply (animals)
Ventilation (animals)

64
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules from a dilute solution (high concentration of water) to a more concentrated solution (low concentration of water) across a partially permeable membrane.

65
Q

What is meant when a solution is isotonic to a cell?

A

The concentrations of the external and the internal (inside the cell) solutions are the same.

66
Q

What is meant when a solution is hypertonic to a cell?

A

The concentration of the external is higher than the internal (inside the cell) solution.

67
Q

What is meant when a solution is hypotonic to a cell?

A

The concentration of the external is lower than the internal solution.

68
Q

What may happen when an animal cell is placed in a very hypotonic solution?

A

Water moves into the cell causing it to burst.

69
Q

What may happen when an animal cell is placed in a very hypertonic solution?

A

Water moves out of the cell causing it to shrivel up.

70
Q

How do plant leaves and stems remain rigid?

A

Turgor pressure - water moves in by osmosis, causing the vacuole to swell and the cytoplasm to press against the cell wall.

71
Q

What may happen when a plant cell is placed in a very hypertonic solution?

A

Water moves out of the cell by osmosis and the vacuole and cytoplasm decrease in size.

72
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of molecules from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution against a concentration gradient using energy from respiration.

73
Q

How do plant root hair cells use active transport?

A

They use it to take up mineral ions from a more dilute solution in soils. Ions such as magnesium and nitrates are required for a healthy growth.

74
Q

How is active transport used to absorb the productions of digestion?

A

Active transport is used to transport glucose from a lower concentration in the gut to a higher concentration in the blood. Glucose is then transported to the tissues where it can be used in respiration.

huda bio (9 decks)

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