Cell Biology

Question 1

What is the cell theory in biology?

Answer 1

That all living things are made from cells

Question 2

What is the cell surface membrane made from?

Answer 2

the phospholipid bilayer

Question 3

what is the membrane described as?

Answer 3

partially permeable

Question 4

what is the diameter of the cell surface membrane?

Answer 4

10 nanometers

Question 5

what does the cell wall do?

Answer 5

structurally supports the cell
withstands turgor pressure

Question 6

what are plasmodesmata?

Answer 6

narrow threads of cytoplasm that connect the neighbouring cells together

Question 7

What is the nucleus?

Answer 7

thing that contains DNA

Question 8

What is the nuclear envelope?

Answer 8

double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, separates the contents from the cytoplasm

Question 9

What are nuclear pores?

Answer 9

small pores that pass substances from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Question 10

what is the nucleoplasm?

Answer 10

jelly substance in nucleus

Question 11

What are chromosomes made from?

Answer 11

chromatin

Question 12

what does the nucleolus do?

Answer 12

produces ribosomes

Question 13

what does the mitochondria do?

Answer 13

carries out aerobic respiration

Question 14

how many membranes are in the mitochondria?

Answer 14

2 - Double membrane bound

Question 15

What are cristae?

Answer 15

groups of folds that create extensions

Question 16

What do cristae do?

Answer 16

creates a larger area for enzyme attachment and aerobic respiration

Question 17

what do chloroplasts do?

Answer 17

carries out photosynthesis

Question 18

What are thylakoids?

Answer 18

membrane bound compartments that contain chlorophyll

Question 19

What are grana?

Answer 19

stacked thylakoids

Question 20

What are lamellae?

Answer 20

thylakoid membranes that join grana together

Question 21

What is the light dependant stage?

Answer 21

stage that takes place in the thylakoids

Question 22

What is the light independent stage?

Answer 22

takes place in the stroma

Question 23

What do chloroplasts contain? (not chlorophyll)

Answer 23

DNA and ribosomes

Question 24

what is a ribosome?

Answer 24

carries out photosynthesis

Question 25

Where are ribosomes found?

Answer 25

in the RER

Question 26

What are ribosomes made from?

Answer 26

rRNA and proteins

Question 27

Where are 70s ribosomes found?

Answer 27

prokaryotes

Question 28

where are 80s ribosomes found?

Answer 28

eukaryotes

Question 29

where is the endoplasmic reticulum found?

Answer 29

near the nucleus

Question 30

what does the Endoplasmic reticulum do?

Answer 30

makes and transports materials

Question 31

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 31

surface covered in ribosomes, folds of membrane with the nuclear envelope, processing and transporting of proteins made by ribosomes

Question 32

what is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 32

no ribosomes, transports and processes lipids, carbohydrates and steroids

Question 33

What does the Golgi do?

Answer 33

modifies and transports proteins and lipids

Question 34

How are proteins and lipids transported out of the Golgi?

Answer 34

vesicles

Question 35

What happens when a protein goes through the Golgi (hormone...)?

Answer 35

put into lysosomes or taken to a membrane bound organelle

Question 36

What is a permanent vacuole?

Answer 36

stores water/cell sap

Question 37

What is a tonoplast?

Answer 37

selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cell sap

Question 38

What is a vesicle?

Answer 38

sac for storage

Question 39

Where are vesicles formed?

Answer 39

Golgi complex

Question 40

What is the structure of the vesicle?

Answer 40

outside vesicle surface internal water Bilayer

Question 41

What is a lysosome?

Answer 41

type of vesicle which contains hydrolytic enzymes

Question 42

what is a hydrolytic enzyme?

Answer 42

enzymes that break down biological molecules (breaks down waste from the immune system)

Question 43

What is apoptosis?

Answer 43

programmed cell death

Question 44

What is the structure of a vesicle?

Answer 44

transport proteins, outer membrane, enzymes inside

Question 45

What are centrioles made from?

Answer 45

hollow fibres made from microtubules

Question 46

What is a centrosome?

Answer 46

two centrioles at right angles

Question 47

What do centrioles do?

Answer 47

organises microtubules, determines the location of organelles in cell

Question 48

What do centrosomes do?

Answer 48

organises spindle fibres during cell division

Question 49

What do microtubules do?

Answer 49

makes up cytoskeleton of cell

Question 50

What is a dimer?

Answer 50

makes up the microtubule

Question 51

What are dimers made from?

Answer 51

alpha and beta tubulin

Question 52

What is a protofilament?

Answer 52

13 dimers in a helical arrangement to form a hollow core

Question 53

What do microvilli do?

Answer 53

Increases the cell’s surface area (e.g. for diffusion)

Question 54

what do cilia do?

Answer 54

responsible for locomotion

Question 55

What are the hairs made from in the cilia?

Answer 55

microtubules

Question 56

what is a flagella?

Answer 56

tail of cell

Question 57

what is the flagella made from?

Answer 57

microtubules