Cell biology Flashcards
(28 cards)
What are the main components of plant and animal cells (eukaryotic cells)?
A cell membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material enclosed in a nucleus.
How do bacterial cells (prokaryotic cells) differ from eukaryotic cells?
They are smaller, have no nucleus, and possess a single DNA loop along with plasmids.
What are the five main parts of most animal cells?
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
- Cell membrane
- Mitochondria
- Ribosomes
In addition to the parts found in animal cells, what extra parts do plant cells often have?
- Chloroplasts
- Permanent vacuole filled with cell sap
- Cell wall made of cellulose
What is the importance of cell differentiation?
It allows cells to acquire different structures and functions specialized for specific roles.
What are examples of specialized cells in animals?
- Sperm cells
- Nerve cells
- Muscle cells
What are examples of specialized cells in plants?
- Root hair cells
- Xylem cells
- Phloem cells
What is the process by which cells divide to produce two identical cells?
Mitosis.
What is a stem cell?
An undifferentiated cell capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type.
How can stem cells be used in medicine?
To repair damaged organs by growing new tissue.
What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
They are involved in photosynthesis.
What is diffusion?
The spreading out of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
What factors affect the rate of diffusion?
- Concentration gradient
- Temperature
- Surface area of the membrane
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.
What is the main purpose of exchange surfaces in multicellular organisms?
To allow sufficient transport of molecules into and out of cells.
What adaptations do the lungs and small intestine have for exchanging materials?
- Large surface area
- Thin membranes
- Efficient blood supply
- Ventilation (in lungs)
What is the significance of having a large surface area to volume ratio in single-celled organisms?
It allows sufficient transport of molecules to meet the organism’s needs.
What are the stages of the cell cycle?
- Growth
- DNA replication
- Mitosis
- Cytokinesis
What happens during mitosis?
One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides.
What is therapeutic cloning?
Producing an embryo with the same genes as the patient for medical treatment.
What is the role of meristem tissue in plants?
It can differentiate into any type of plant cell throughout the life of the plant.
True or False: Most types of animal cells can differentiate throughout their life.
False.
Fill in the blank: Bacteria multiply by _______.
binary fission.
What is required to maintain uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms?
Aseptic technique.
